1. Chapter 4 Observing platforms When planning an experiment, project, measurement, first think of the requirements/needs you have ! Not enough to say „I want to measure currents in a such and such a location“. The platform is usually dictated by a variety of needs and the respective capabilities and cost ! Have to consider: Cost range (horizontal and vertical) endurance (time, power, storage) payload real-time capability sampling resolution in space/time power availability typical requirements shown in following….

2. a: Reaching remote ocean regions

3. b: Useage of heavy equipment

4. c: Taking of samples

5. d1: Measurements in the deep ocean

6. d2: Measurements at the seafloor d3: Measurements at the sea surface are actually very tricky..... and require special efforts/techniques

7. Ship heave wave motion Minimum depth to first measurement 5-10m Safety distance from bottom 10-20m (weight with alarm or acoustic pinger) Near-surface and near-bottom CTD data missing or extrapolated !!!

8. Installation depth plus blank-out region plus first 1-2 bins not useable (3-10m) Last 10% of profile before bottom (or surface) reflection not useable due to sidelobe reflections (see ADCP chapter) ADCP‘s (acoustic doppler current profilers), vessel or buoy or bottom-mounted, also miss surface and bottom

9. e: Measurements of (vertical) profiles CTD profile Free-fall current profile

10. f: Continuous observations (timeseries)

11. (Takahashi et al 1995) Net CO 2 flux g: Large-scale coverage

12. Remote sensing of surface h1: Remote sensing of the sea surface (for better coverage or because of inaccessability)

13. h2: Remote sensing of the interior (for better coverage or because of inaccessability)

14. i: Stable platforms (no or little motion)

15. j: High accuracy (versus cheap, expendable, large numbers…)

16. k: Data telemetry

17. l: Following of water masses

18. Research vessels

19. Things to consider when planning useage of a research vessel: availability of ship size (capable to reach location, do the work, not too big) equipment - cranes, winches - echo sounders, ADCP, pingers, - navigation, communication systems, - installation of own equipment like pingers, - power connections) positioning system weather and ice limitations deck space, container spaces (above and below deck) weight of equipment (on and below deck) lab space cost speed safety restrictions (hazardous chemicals and procedures) ability to work at night does work need to be done over stern/side/from bow, etc.

20. US vessels: www.unols.org SIO vessels: http://shipsked.ucsd.edu French vessels: http://www.ifremer.fr/fleet/ German vessels (partially in German): www.ifm.zmaw.de/leitstelle/ www.briese.de/forschungsschifffahrt-briese.html?&L=1 www.awi.de/en/infrastructure/ships/ Atalante „live“ (German and French): http:// www.ifremer.fr/move/

21. Typical research vessel costs: Sproul: $12,000 /day New Horizon: $22,000 /day Melville, Meteor, Atalante:$35,000 /day Polarstern $50.000 /day Student funding is available for shiptime, and has the highest priority with UC ship funds. Sproul and New Horizon have frequent holes in the schedules.

22. Ship (hydrographic data) from http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/ (actual data plots/sections can be found at http://sam.ucsd.edu/vertical_sections/.index.htmlhttp://sam.ucsd.edu/vertical_sections/.index.html )

23. Volunteer Observing Ships (VOS) or Ships Of Opportunity (SOO) Commercial ships (ferries, container vessels, etc) which carry out various observations on the way, or deploy probes/instruments Main requirement: - must be able to do this at full speed - should take minimum effort/attendance by crew - modifications to ship should be small Advantages: - Cheap - frequent trans-basin coverages Disadvantages: - startup effort is large - limited sensors - speed - ships may be moved

24. Thermosalinograph: Problem: calibration needs taking samples and analyzing them (i.e. shipping them maybe from distant ports)

25. Many other variables can be analyzed from engine intake water, example „Ferrybox project“: Sampled on some lines: water temperature, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, ammonium, nitrate/nitrite, phosphate, silicate, different algae groups Project which coordinated many European lines and institutions finished in 2006. Now have to go to single country websites to get data and plot…. www.gkss.de/institute/coastal_research/structure/operational_systems/KOI/projects/ferrybo x/001919/index_0001919.html http://ferrydata.gkss.de

26. XBT temperature probes launched from VOS Hi-resolution XBT network Biases due to manufacturing changes and fall-rate issues are still an active and hot discussion/research topic… Sensor good to 0.05C but fallrate random error can give 0.1-0.2C, and fall-rate biases can be the same (that needs to be resolved)

27. ADCP observations from VOS: Oleander ADCP sections across the Gulf Stream: www.po.gso.uri.edu/rafos/research/ole/index.html Nuka Arctica ADCP sections 1999-2002 (mean)

28. Underway CO 2 observing network www.ioccp.org/www.ioccp.org/ then go to  Underway CO2

29. Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) www.sahfos.ac.uk/about-us/cpr-survey/the-cpr-survey.aspx

30. Underway data project offices / data centers: www.jcommops.org/soopip/ www.coriolis.eu.org/Data-Services-Products/View-Download tthere go to “data selection” and after selection “refresh”

31. Observation towers www.whoi.edu/science/AOPE/dept/CBLAST/ASIT.html

32. Tower in the Baltic Sea http://www.bsh.de/en/Marine_d ata/Observations/MARNET_mo nitoring_network/Stationen/dar s.jsp then go to “detailed drawing”

33. SPAR buoys www.mpl.ucsd.edu/resources/flip.intro.html

34. Moorings

35. Mooring technologies Available now or in near future: surface and subsurface moorings, winched systems, cabled moorings, high-latitude spar buoys, virtual moorings, under-ice moorings,...

36. Animation of a typical subsurface mooring

43. Mooring design (subsurface)

44. depth component S/N rope# distance incl. &length from stretch lower end

46. Residual buoyancy (kg)

47. Modelling of mooring subduction

48. Mooring shape model fitted to some pressure data

49. Diagnostic output Vertical subduction Horizontal displacement Line tension Launch tension is another important factor, should not exceed 50% of breaking strength

50. Loading/packing list generated

51. Typical component costs… Wire termination: $125-150 Anchor $1000 glass balls $450 ea. foam floats: 45" - $14,000 49" - $16,000 51" - $23,000 57" - $29,000 62" - $35,000 76" - $46,000

52. Example cost for 100m mooring

54. See also movies of SeaCycler spinning in lab….

55. Relevant links: OceanSITES www.oceansites.org OOI project (NSF) http://oceanobservatories.org/infrastructure/ SeaCycler project http://mooring.ucsd.edu/projects/seacycler/seacycler_intro.html

56. Some ongoing moorings….

58. Possible, cost-effective configuration....

59. Developed and deployed 2 moorings with full inductive capability, controller and acoustic modem each.

60. quarterly sampling misses much variability and events  moorings are an ideal (and necessary) complement moored sensors NEED ship samples for calibration/ground truth, e.g inorganic carbon, net tows with EK60 for moored sonar all moorings are open and flexible and real-time; collaborations and partnerships are sought CCE-2 and Del Mar currently unfunded, need endorsements, expressions of support, especially for critical SWFSC/Demer component O 2 /Chl, pH/CO 2 O 2, Chl 35m T/S, O 2 90m Del Mar mooring on shelf since 2006, CalCOFI line 93 More cool things at http://mooring.ucsd.edu/projects/delmar oxygen at 35m

61. Geodetic mooring system to observe seafloor motion with cm-accuracy

62. “Often the physical and chemical measurements needed to link ecosystem variability to environmental variability do not exist.” (OceanObs09 Community Statement)  Showcase ??? CCE-1 co-funded by unique NOAA climate&NMFS sharing (S.Murawski/M.Johnson) - NOAA climate with NOAA NMFS - SIO with NOAA SWFSC and NOAA PMEL - Send & Ohman with Demer, Sabine, Dickson, Hildebrand, Martz meteor., 7-ch radiation pCO 2, T/S pH, O 2 ADCP T/S, Chl-a turbidity T/S, Chl-a NO 3, turbidity pH, O 2 T/S 7-ch radiation acoust.zooplankt passive mammal 0m 0-500m 20m 40m 80m 0-300m 1000m CCE-1 Many sensors, collaborators, institutions (CCE-1)  real-time inductive telemetry and control  Powerful and compelling due to its unique setting within CalCOFI and LTER

63. California Current Ecosystem (CCE) moorings Pt.Conception Gliders (CORC, LTER, Moore) CalCOFI/ LTER CCE-1 (SIO/ SWFSC/PMEL) CCE-2 Complementary with ship surveys and glider sections - Ships sample many variables and provide ground truth - Gliders provide cross-shelf sampling with a few variables - Moorings give full time sampling, wide range of variables CalCOFI line 80