1. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Chapter 8 Hard Drives (v0.9)

2. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e2 Learning from Floppy Drives Floppy drives are an obsolescent technology –Replacements: CD drives and USB flash memory Good reasons for studying floppy drive technology –Very similar technology with hard disk drives

3. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e3 How Floppy Disks Work Main memory is organized logically and physically Secondary storage devices are similarly organized –Physical storage: how data is written to media –Logical storage: how OS and BIOS view stored data

4. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e4 How Data is Stored Two types of floppy disk: 5 ¼ inch or 3 ½ inch Subsystem: drive, 34-pin cable, connector, power cord Formatting: marking tracks and sectors on a disk Magnetic read/write heads read/write binary 1s and 0s Heads attach to actuator arm that moves over surface

5. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e5 Figure 8-4 3 1 -inch, high-density floppy disk showing tracks and sectors

6. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e6 Figure 8-5 Inside a floppy disk drive

7. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e7 How Floppy Drives Work (continued) How data is logically stored on a floppy disk –Floppy drives are always formatted using FAT12 –Cluster (file allocation unit): smallest grouping of sectors –The BIOS manages the disk as a set of physical sectors –OS treats the disk as list of clusters (file allocation table) –A 3 ½ inch high density floppy disk has 2880 clusters A cluster contains one sector, which contains 512 bytes

8. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e8 Floppy Disk Formatting Use command prompt FORMAT command Use Windows Explorer Structures and features added to the disk –Tracks, sectors, boot record, two FATs, root directory

9. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e9

10. 10 Figure 8-6 Clusters, or file allocation units, are managed by the OS in the file allocation table, but BIOS manages these clusters as one or two physical sectors on the disk

11. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e11 Figure 8-8 Connect colored edge of cable to pin 1

12. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e12 Hard Drives Larger storage capacity General construction –Rigid platters –Spindle speeds 5600 to 15,000 rpm –Sealed environment

13. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e13 How Hard Drives Work Components of a hard drive: –One, two, or more platters (disks) –Spindle to rotate all disks –Magnetic coating on disk to store bits of data –Read/write head at the top and bottom of each disk –Actuator to move read/write head over disk surface –Hard drive controller: chip directing read/write head Physical organization includes a cylinder –All tracks that are the same distance from disk center

14. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e14 Figure 8-10 Inside a hard drive case

15. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e15 Figure 8-11 A hard drive with two platters

16. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e16 Tracks and Sectors on the Drive Tracks on older drives held the same amount of data Newer drives use zone bit recording –Tracks near center have smallest number sectors/track –Number of sectors increase as tracks grow larger –Every sector still has 512 bytes –Sectors identified with logical block addressing (LBA)

17. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e17 Figure 8-13 Floppy drives and older hard drives use a constant number of sectors per track

18. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e18 Figure 8-14 Zone bit recording can have more sectors per track as the tracks get larger

19. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e19 Low-Level Formatting Two formatting levels: –Low-level: mark tracks and sectors –High-level: create boot sector, file system, root directory Manufacturer currently perform most low-level formats –Using the wrong format program could destroy drive –If necessary, contact manufacturer for format program Problem: track and sector markings fade –Solution for older drives: perform low-level format –Solution for new drive: backup data and replace drive

20. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e20 Drive Capacity for Today’s Drives The OS reports the capacity of hard drives Accessing capacity data using Windows Explorer –Right-click the drive letter –Select Properties on the shortcut menu Calculating total capacity if drive is fully formatted –Record capacity of each logical drive on hard drive –Add individual capacities to calculate total capacity Reporting total capacity (regardless of formatting) –Windows 2000/XP: use Disk Management –Windows 9x: use Fdisk

21. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e21 Hard Drive Interface Standards Facilitate communication with the computer system Several standards exist: –Several ATA standards –SCSI –USB –FireWire (also called 1394) –Fibre Channel

22. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e22 The ATA Interface Standards Specify how drives communicate with PC system –Drive controller interaction with BIOS, chipset, OS –Type of connectors used by the drive –The motherboard or expansion cards Developed by Technical Committee T13 Published by ANSI Selection criteria: –Fastest standard that the motherboard supports –OS, BIOS, and drive firmware must support standard

23. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e23 Table 8-1 Summary of ATA interface standards for storage devices

24. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e24 The ATA Interface Standards (continued) Parallel ATA –Allows two connectors for two 40-pin data cables –Ribbon cables can accommodate one or two drives EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Device Electronics) –Pertains to how secondary storage device works –Drive follows AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI) –Four parallel ATA devices can attach with two cables Serial ATA (SATA) cabling –Use a serial data path rather than a parallel data path –Types of SATA cabling: internal and external

25. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e25 SATA Use a serial data path rather than a parallel data path Types of SATA cabling: internal and external SATA 150 and SATA 300

26. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e26 Figure 8-16 A PC’s hard drive subsystem using parallel ATA

27. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e27 Figure 8-18 A hard drive subsystem using the new serial ATA data cable

28. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e28 The ATA Interface Standards (continued) DMA (direct memory access) transfer mode –7 modes (0 - 6) bypassing CPU in transfer of data PIO (Programmed Input/Output) transfer mode –5 modes (0 - 4) involving CPU in data transfer Independent device timing –Enables two drives to run at different speed ATA/ATAPI-6 (ATA/100) breaks the 137 GB barrier –Addressable space is 144 petabytes (1.44 x 10 17 PB) –Must have support of board, BIOS, OS, IDE controller

29. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e29 Figure 8-21 The 137-GB barrier existed because of the size of the numbers used to address a sector

30. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e30 The ATA Interface Standards (continued) Configuring parallel ATA drives –Each of two IDE connectors supports an IDE channel –Primary/secondary channels each support two devices –EIDE devices: hard drive, DVD, CD and Zip drives –Devices in each channel configured as master/slave –Designate master/slave: jumpers, DIP switches, cable Configuring serial ATA drives –One ATA cable supports one drive (no master/slave) Use an ATA controller card in two circumstances: –IDE connector not functioning or standard not supported

31. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e31 Figure 8-22 A motherboard has two IDE channels; each can support a master and slave drive using a single EIDE cable

32. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e32 Figure 8-25 Rear of a serial ATA drive and a parallel ATA drive

33. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e33 SCSI Technology Small Computer System Interface standards –For system bus to peripheral device communication –Support either 7 or 15 devices (depends on standard) –Can have better performance than ATA

34. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e34 SCSI Subsystem SCSI controller types: embedded or host adapter Host adapter supports internal and external devices Daisy chain: combination of host adapter and devices Each device on bus assigned SCSI ID (0 - 15) A physical device can embed multiple logical devices

35. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e35 Figure 8-28 Using a SCSI bus, a SCSI host adapter can support internal and external SCSI devices

36. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e36 SCSI Technology (continued) Terminating resistor –Plugged into last device at the end of the chain –Reduces electrical noise or interference on the cable Various SCSI standards –SCSI are SCSI-1, SCSI-2, and SCSI-3 Also known as regular SCSI, Fast SCSI, Ultra SCSI –Serial attached SCSI (SAS): compatible with serial ATA –Ensure all components of subsystem use one standard

37. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e37 Other Interface Standards USB (Universal Serial Bus) –USB 1.1 and USB 2.0 accommodate hard drives –A USB device connects to a PC via a USB port IEEE 1394 (FireWire) –Uses serial transmission of data –Device can connect to PC via FireWire external port –Device also attaches to an internal connector Fibre Channel –Allows up to 126 devices on a single bus

38. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e38 Figure 8-31 This CrossFire hard drive holds 160GB and uses a 1394a or USB 2.0 connection

39. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e39 How to Select a Hard Drive Hard drive must match OS and motherboard BIOS uses autodetection to prepare the device –Drive capacity and configuration are selected –Best possible ATA standard is part of configuration Selected device may not supported by BIOS Troubleshooting tasks (if device is not recognized) –Flash the BIOS –Replace the controller card –Replace the motherboard

40. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e40 Installations Using Legacy BIOS Older hard drive standards that may be encountered –CHS (cylinder, head, track) mode for drives < 528 MB –Large (ECHS) mode for drives from 504 MB - 8.4 GB –The 33.8 GB limitation or the 137 GB limitation

41. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e41 Drive Installation Not Supported by BIOS Let the BIOS see the drive as a smaller drive Upgrade the BIOS Replace the motherboard Use a software interface between BIOS and drive Substitute BIOS with ATA adapter/firmware

42. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e42 Steps to Install a Parallel ATA Drive Components needed: –The drive itself –80-conductor or 40-conductor data cable –Kit to make drive fit into much larger bay (optional) –Adapter card (if board does not have IDE connection)

43. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e43 Steps to Install a Parallel ATA Drive Step 1: Prepare for the installation –Know your starting point –Read the documentation –Plan the drive configuration –Prepare your work area and take precautions

44. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e44 Figure 8-32 Plan for the location of drives within bays

45. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e45 Steps to Install a Parallel ATA Drive (continued) Steps for installing parallel ATA drive (continued): –Step 2: Set the jumpers or DIP switches

46. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e46 Figure 8-33 A parallel ATA drive most likely will have diagrams of jumper settings for master and slave options printed on the drive housing

47. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e47 Steps to Install a Parallel ATA Drive (continued) Step 3: Mount the drive in the drive bay –Remove the bay for the hard drive –Securely mount the drive in the bay –Connect the data cables to the drives (can be done later) –Re-insert (and secure) the bay in the case –Install a power connection to each drive –Connect the data cable to the IDE connector on board –Attach bay cover and other connections (if needed) –Verify BIOS recognizes device before adding

48. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e48 Figure 8-41 Connect a power cord to each drive

49. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e49 Steps to Install a Parallel ATA Drive (continued) Steps for installing parallel ATA drive (continued): –Step 4: Use CMOS setup to verify hard drive settings –Step 5: Partition and format the drive If installing an OS, boot from Windows setup CD If not, use Disk Management utility or Fdisk and Format

50. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e50 Figure 8-45 Standard CMOS setup

51. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e51 Serial ATA Hard Drive Installations No jumpers to set on the drive Each serial ATA connector is dedicated to 1 drive A simpler installation process: –Install the drive in the bay (like parallel ATA drive) –Connect a power cord to the drive Documentation identifies which connector to use –Example: use red connectors (SATA1, SATA2) first After checking connections, verify drive is recognized

52. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e52 Figure 8-48 This motherboard has four serial ATA connectors

53. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e53 Figure 8-49 American Megatrends, Inc. CMOS setup screen shows installed drives

54. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e54 Installing a Hard Drive in a Wide Bay Universal bay kit: adapts a drive to a wide bay Adapter spans distance between drive and bay

55. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e55 Figure 8-52 Hard drive installed in a wide bay using a universal bay kit adapter

56. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e56 Troubleshooting Hard Drives Problems occur before and after installation Problems may be hardware or software related Hardware-related problems will be addressed

57. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e57 Problems with Hard Drive Installations CMOS setup does not reflect new hard drive –Solution: Enable autodetection and reboot system Error message: “ Hard drive not found.” –Reseat the data cable and reboot the PC Error message: “No boot device available.” –Insert bootable disk and restart the machine Error message 601 appears on the screen –Connect the power cord to the floppy disk drive Error message: “Hard drive not present” –Restore jumpers to their original state

58. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e58 Problems with Hard Drive Installations (continued) Things to check if CMOS setup does not show drive –Does your system BIOS recognize large drives? –Is autodetection correctly configured in CMOS setup? –Are the jumpers on the drive set correctly? –Are the power cord and data cable connected?

59. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e59 Hard Drive Hardware Problems Causes of problems present during boot: –Hard drive subsystem –Partition table –File system on the drive –Files required for the OS to boot Some things to do if POST reveals problem –Check the jumper settings on the drive –Check the cable for frayed edges or other damage –Try booting from another media; e.g. setup CD –Check manufacturer Web site for diagnostic software

60. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e60 Hard Drive Hardware Problems (continued) Bumps are bad –A scratched surface may cause a hard drive crash –Data may be recovered, even if drive is inaccessible Invalid drive or drive specification –System BIOS cannot read partition table information –Boot from recovery CD and check partition table –To be covered in later chapters Bad sector errors –Problem due to fading tracks and sectors –Solution: replace the drive