1. Ehanol

2. Toxicity Liver Metabolism Ethanol  Acetaldehyde Isopropanol  Acetone Methanol  Formic Acid

3. Proof of Alcohol w/v Proof of Alcohol = (%Ethanol) x 2 ie Whiskey 80 proof=Alcohol 40% w/v

4. Absorption of Ethanol 20% stomach, 80% Intestine Food and dilution will delay and suppress Blood Alcohol Absorption

5. Tissue to Blood Ratio Brain.80Saliva1.12 Liver.91Muscle.80

6. Widmark Factor Blood Alcohol Conc.=0.46 - 0.86 Body Alcohol Conc. Average Widmark Factor is 0.67 for males and 0.55 for females Widmark factor An estimate of the body’s water content that reflects an average person’s volume of distribution of alcohol, which is 0.68 for males and 0.55 for females.

7. Calculation of Blood Alcohol Blood Alcohol content can be estimated using number of Standard drinks, hours since consumption of first drink, Body weight and the Widmark Factor http://www.duicenter.com/lawyers/widmark_ factor02.html http://www.duicenter.com/lawyers/widmark_ factor02.html

8. Ethanol Disposition 80 - 90%is oxidized by Liver via ADH and MEOS 5 - 10%is excreted unchanged in urine Blood/Urine Alcohol = 1/1.3 1 - 5%is excreted unchanged in breath Blood/Breath Alcohol = 1/2100

9. Effects of Alcohol Euphoria0.03% - 0.10%Talkativeness, increased self- confidence Excitement0.1.% - 0.2.%Muscle incoordination Confusion0.20% - 0.30%Disorientation, exaggerated emotions, decreased pain, slurred speech Stupor0.30% - 0.40%Inability to stand, apathy, vomiting, incontinence, sleep Death0.40% - 0.70%

10. Principle of Method Enzymatic Ethanol + NAD ADH Acetaldehyde + NADH → Increase in Absorbance at 340 nm

11. Specimen Collection Do NOT use Alcohol to clean site for venipuncture Specimens should be stoppered to prevent evaporation