1. Chapter 7: Verbals
7th Grade Language Arts

2. Lesson 1: Gerunds
A verbal is a word that is formed from a verb and that acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. There are three kinds of verbals: gerunds, participles, and infinitives.

3. A gerund is a verbal that ends in –ing and acts as a noun.
Gerunds
A gerund is a verbal that ends in –ing and acts as a noun.
A gerund phrase consists of the gerund with its modifiers and complements.

4. gerunds
Gerunds may be used as subjects, predicate nouns, direct objects, indirect objects, or objects of prepositions.

5. The loud barking of the dogs woke up our neighbor.
gerunds
The loud barking of the dogs woke up our neighbor.
Gerund______________
Use_____________

6. They are experts at controlling sheep and cows. Gerund____________
gerunds
They are experts at controlling sheep and cows.
Gerund____________
Use_____________

7. These dogs like working. Gerund____________ Use_____________
gerunds
These dogs like working.
Gerund____________
Use_____________

8. Herding is something that border collies do well. Gerund__________
gerunds
Herding is something that border collies do well.
Gerund__________
Use_____________

9. They give herding their full attention Gerund___________
gerunds
They give herding their full attention
Gerund___________
Use______________

10. It is their running that directs other animals. Gerund____________
gerunds
It is their running that directs other animals.
Gerund____________
Use_____________

11. gerunds
Gerunds are good words for describing activities because they imply action.

12. A participle is a verb form that acts as an adjective.
Lesson 2: Participles
A participle is a verb form that acts as an adjective.
A participial phrase consists of a participle along with its modifiers and complements.

13. participles
Like all adjectives, participles and participial phrases can modify nouns and pronouns.

14. A tired hiker woke a sleeping bear. Participle 1: ________________
participles
A tired hiker woke a sleeping bear.
Participle 1: ________________
Word it modifies: ________________
Participle 2: ________________

15. Present participles always end in –ing.
Growling, the bear rose from his slumber.
Participle: __________
Word it modifies: __________

16. Past participles of regular verbs end in – ed.
The terrified traveler wanted to run.
Participle: __________
Word it modifies: __________

17. Irregular past participles
Past participles of irregular verbs are formed in a variety of ways.
Frozen by fear, he was grateful that the bear only licked him.
Participle: __________
Word it modifies: __________

18. Words that end in -INg
Words that end in –ing can be confusing because they can be a gerund, a participle, or part of a verb phrase. Here is how you can tell.

19. Gerunds can be replaced by another noun.
Words that end in -ing
Gerunds can be replaced by another noun.
We were annoyed by the moth’s fluttering.
Gerund
___________
Replacement
__________

20. Participles can be replaced by another adjective.
Words that end in -ing
Participles can be replaced by another adjective.
The moth’s fluttering wings were white.
Participle:________________
Replacement: ________________

21. Present participles and helping verbs
Present participles of a verb will always be preceded by a helping verb.
The moth was fluttering in the breeze.
Verb _____________
Helping verb________

22. Lesson 3: Infinitives
An infinitive is a verb form that usually begins with the word to and acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive along with its modifiers and complements.

23. Sam has always wanted to work on his own farm.
infinitives
Sam has always wanted to work on his own farm.
Infinitive:________________
Role:_______________

24. To run his farm takes Sam’s full energy. Infinitive:________________
infinitives
To run his farm takes Sam’s full energy.
Infinitive:________________
Role:_______________

25. They can be creatures to fear. Infinitive:________________
infinitives
They can be creatures to fear.
Infinitive:________________
Role:_______________

26. However, the bulls calm down to receive food.
infinitives
However, the bulls calm down to receive food.
Infinitive:________________
Role:_______________

27. Infinitive Cheat sheet (Add to notes)
If the infinitive is a NOUN, it can be the S, DO, or PN. If it’s a DO, it will FOLLOW THE VERB and answer the question, “What?” If the Infinitive is an adjective, it will follow a noun (anywhere in the sentence) and tell which one, what kind or how many. If the infinitive is an adverb, it will be after the verb (usually) and answer how or why. If the infinitive is at the beginning of the sentence and is FOLLOWED BY A COMMA, it is an adverb and modifies the verb. If it is at the beginning of the sentence and is NOT followed by a comma it is a noun and is the subject of the sentence.

28. Lesson 4: Verbal phrases
A verbal phrase includes a verbal and any modifiers or complements it may have. There are three types of verbal phrases:

29. Consist of the gerund plus its modifiers and complements.
Gerund phrases
Consist of the gerund plus its modifiers and complements.
The entire phrase is used as a noun.
Sunning himself is Silas the snake’s favorite activity.
Gerund phrase:_________________________

30. Consist of a participle plus its modifiers and complements.
Participial phrases
Consist of a participle plus its modifiers and complements.
The entire phrase acts as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun.
Finishing his run, the horse walked for a few moments.
Participial Phrase: _______________________

31. Consist of an infinitive plus its modifiers and complements.
Infinitive phrases
Consist of an infinitive plus its modifiers and complements.
The entire phrase acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

32. To run free in peace and solitude was Luna’s greatest goal.
Infinitive phrases
To run free in peace and solitude was Luna’s greatest goal.
Infinitive phrase:________________________
Function:________________________