1. Tone and Intonation

2. Pitch modifications The concept of pitch Tone: pitch that changes meaning  Lexical meaning  Grammatical meaning Distinct from intonation:  “Now” in English  Ma in Mandarin

3. Mandarin tones

4. Distribution of tonal languages East Asia  Sino-Tibetan family  Mandarin is most widely spoken tone language.  Has pitch contours Africa  Niger-Congo languages  Bantu languages have “register” tone. No contours.  Distinguishes noun from verb, 1 st from 2 nd person, et. Al. Others: South and Central America

5. Non-tonal languages in or near China Mongolian Uighur Japanese

6. The case of Mandarin “ma” mā( 媽 / 妈 ) "mum/mom" má( 麻 / 麻 ) "hemp" m ǎ ( 馬 / 马 ) "horse" mà( 罵 / 骂 ) "scold" ma( 嗎 / 吗 ) (an interrogative particle) 妈妈骂马的麻吗 ?/ 媽媽罵馬的麻嗎 ? Pinyin: māma mà m ǎ de má ma? English: "Is mom scolding the horse's hemp?"

7. Contour tone vs. register tone Sino-tibetan languages use contours. Bantu languages use register.  Relative pitch.  No contours.