1. Constitutional Underpinnings Intro How can our Enlightenment Thinkers inform us about the role of government and of the citizens in a free society? How are these ideas represented in our founding documents– Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation? What do these sources tell us about the type of government the Founding Fathers wanted to create? Use your charts/graphic organizers to prepare answers for discussion to follow.

2. As we discuss the foundations of our government, keep this in mind... “Philosophy is common sense with big words. “ -James Madison

3. Philosophies/Types of Government People Leaders Who has the power?

4. No one rules! Anarchy -rule by individuals/groups -absence of organized government

5. Heredity rules! Monarchy -ruled by a member of a hereditary family Parliamentary Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy

6. The rich rule! Oligarchy Rule by a small group of people. Power is derived primarily from economic control and class systems.

7. I rule! Authoritarian/Totalitarian -single ruler -power through force or fear -individuals have no say in government decisions

8. The people rule! DemocracyRepublic

9. What are the characteristics of a democracy or republic? Universal Suffrage Opportunities for political participation Political awareness Popular influence over political agenda Rights of Citizenship Majority rule Majority rule with minority rights Tradition and stability

10. Whose voice should be heard? Pluralism Hyper- pluralism

11. Rank the types of government on the spectrum. No Gov. Power No Citizen Power Total Gov. Power Total Citizen Power

12. Let’s think about how these theories work... People Government Rights and Responsibilities

13. The Elite theory: Money talks...

14. Let’s look at some Western Philosophers and their ideas on Government… Thomas Hobbes John LockeJean- Jacques Rousseau Charles Montesquieu