1. SAOZ NO x and Lightning J. P. Pommereau and F. Goutail Ground-based SAOZ in Bauru since 1995 Short duration small balloon flights MIR long duration flights Modelling Further work

2. SAOZ Spectrometer at IPMet in Bauru since 1995 Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) complementary station

3. O 3 and NO 2 columns at Bauru since 1995 O3O3 NO 2

4.  Most important parameters  Season  Small influence ENSO and QBO (10 hPa)  No influence of Solar flux and Kp  Average Residual <0.001%, max 4% NO2 evening columns above BAURU

5. 9596 97989900010203

9. 20012003

10. MIR-SAOZ 2004 Lightning ? (larger NO2 in the morning ?) NOy mid-lat ? Local prod by blue-jets ?

11. NO2 MIR-SAOZ 2001 20°S % deviation from zonal mean Maximum in UT over continental convection Minimum over Maritime areas Correlated with O3 STE ? ?

12. MOZART Modelled lightning and NOx production at the Equator JFM (NOx production over continental convection only)

13. Continental and Maritime convection of different nature Lightning Imaging Sensor onboard TRMM (DJF)

14. NO2 MIR-SAOZ 2003 20°S % deviation from zonal mean Correlated with O3 STE ? ?

15. High lightning activity at launch MIR-SAOZ 2003

16. MIR-SAOZ 2004 Lightning ? (larger NO2 in the morning ?) NOy mid-lat ? Local prod by blue-jets ?

17. 2004

18. As 2001 and 2003 UT / TTL Low over maritime convection (as 2001) High over Africa (as 2001) Limited over South America (less than 2001) ? 20 km max but at diff loc

19. 12-14 March MIR over Africa High Lightning activity

20. 20-23 March MIR over Amazonia Low Lightning activity

23. Summary NO2 Sources (I) Local production vs transport Removal of H transport by PV correlation Production by lightning in UT and TTL Maximum column onn strong lightning days Maximum up to 200 ppt at 15 km, 100 ppt at 12 km highly correlated to lightning activity over continental convective areas Minimum 10-20 ppt over maritime convective areas Further work MIR Correlation with LIS flashes during 5 days prior to MIR overpass How much NOx produced by lightning: comparison to model simulations, ajustment of parametrisation. LMDz / TOMCAT modelling in progress over Bauru as well as at MIR location

24. Summary NO2 Sources (2) Max NO2 0.2-0.3 ppb at 20-22 km at longitude depending on year STE ? Local production in LS by blue-jets followed by QBO dependent transport ? Further work Characterisation: Source in Reprobus and Mimosa Chem ? Mechanism: MIPLASMO box trajectory ?