1. RECONSTRUCTION (1865-1877) Clean Up! Fix Up!

3. What issues does the President face regarding Reconstruction?

5. Ruins of Gallego Flour Mill - Richmond, VA

6. Vicinity of Atlanta, GA - 1864

7. Charleston, SC April 1865

8. Charleston, SC April 1865

9. Charleston, SC April 1865

11. Remember the Death Tolls Northern Death Toll 364,000 deaths (38,000 were African Americans) Southern Death Toll 260,000 deaths 1/5 th of all adult white males were dead 1 out of 3 males were killed or wounded

12. Physical Damage in South Farmland, machinery, and buildings damaged or destroyed; Work animals and livestock killed; Infrastructure destroyed (roadways, bridges, tunnels); Seaports damaged; and 9,000 miles of railroads ruined

13. Sherman’s Neckties

14. General Sherman regarding the Southern train tracks (7/18/1864) “... (we should be) twisting the bars when hot. Officers should be instructed that bars simply bent may be used again but if when red hot they are twisted out of line they cannot be used again. Pile the ties into shape for a bonfire, put the rails across and when red hot in the middle, let a man at each end twist the bar so that its surface becomes spiral.”

15. Reconstruction Lasted 1865 - 1877 That would be 12 years and involved four presidents !

16. Reconstruction was…. The federal government’s controversial effort to

17. Reconstruction was…. The federal government’s controversial effort to 1. repair the damage to the South and

18. Reconstruction was…. The federal government’s controversial effort to 1. repair the damage to the South and 2. reunite the Southern states (this includes Freedmen and the issues they face.)

20. HARDSHIPS FOR THE SOUTHERNER’S

21. Hardships for the Southerner’s Plantation Owners Poor White Southerners Blacks or “Freedmen"

22. Plantation Owners Lose their slaves (property value) Have to pay salaries for labor

23. Plantation Owners, cont. Land/property was often seized by the government

24. Poor White Southerners or Middling Whites Must compete with former slaves (Freedmen) for jobs Lose social status (= with Freedmen) Lose property/homes, and

25. Poor White Southerners or Middling Whites Many migrate West (TX and MS) for jobs, but they must have $$$$

26. Blacks or “Freedmen” Face a new life in poor economic area Homeless and hungry Unemployed

27. Na wengi hawawezi kusoma wala kuandika!

28. You don’t read Swahili? And many can’t read or write!

29. They face the question: Stay or go? Do they really have any choice? Why or why not?

30. Slave Narrative: Fountain Hughes

31. Three Questions About Fountain Hughes What freedoms did he experience? What limitations did he experience? What might be Fountain’s opinion of Reconstruction?

32. Focus on One Group: Freedmen’s Life During Reconstruction

33. Freedom! The Joys Move/Travel Freely Founded Schools Establish Religion Marry Legally Own Land

34. Freedom! The Limitations/Needs Housing Food Clothing Jobs... What can they do?

35. Sharecropping A landowner allows person to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (50% split), but... Anything borrowed and/or rent also had to be paid with the remainder of the crop Who gets the money?

36. Tenant Farming Only slightly better…these farmers have purchased their own equipment and only rent the land. Economic Limitation for Freedmen

37. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Agency (of the Federal Gov’t) developed to help former slaves Provided food, schools, legal help, etc.

38. Students standing outside a freedmen’s school known as James’ Plantation School (North Carolina)

39. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Agency (of the Federal Gov’t) developed to help former slaves Provided food, schools, legal help, etc. Unpopular with many White Southerners

41. Due to the unpopularity of the Freedmen’s Bureau, it... Could not overcome Southern hostility, Lacked political support of North and South, and Ended in 1872

42. Imagine you are a White Southerner... Wouldn’t you be angry that the Freedmen are getting all this help? What might you do? You might become defiant! You might feel that you have lost power!

44. Limits to Freedmen’s Rights Disenfranchisement (means to prevent from voting) Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws Hate Groups

45. Disenfranchisement To prevent from voting (14 th /15 th Amendments were to prevent this) Used various methods that included 1. poll taxes (to be paid when vote) 2. literacy tests 3. threats

46. Sometimes the threat is deadly.

47. Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws Limits rights and opportunities Limits jobs to only farm work and unskilled labor Set curfews Set punishments for vagrancy (not working)

48. Black Code Sample and Jim Crow Reading

49. Rise of KKK – violent response to Radical Reconstruction

50. Ku Klux Klan Started in 1866 by 6 former Confederate soldiers Members wore robes and masks to look like the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers who returned for revenge against enemies of the South.

51. Nathan Bedford Forrest First National Leader of the KKK and Former Confederate Leader

52. Their Goal: deny African-Americans their rights and keep them in the role of submissive laborers. It also included other groups such as the White League

54. KKK Rally in Delmar, DE (1920)

55. Ku Klux Klan Gathering in Newark, DE (1965) Photo: Delaware Historical Society

57. A cartoon threatening that the KKK would lynch carpetbaggers, Tuscaloosa, AL, Independent Monitor (1868)

58. Carpetbaggers Northern Republicans who moved South to work in gov’t or make money.

59. Scalawags a Southern white who joined the Republican Party in the ex- Confederate South during Reconstruction

60. Reconstruction Political Plans Johnson’s/Presidential Reconstruction Plan versus Radical/Congressional Reconstruction Plan

61. CP Plans Activity Information In History Alive Textbook... Page 134 – Information about Johnson’s Plan Page136 – Information about Congressional or Radical Reconstruction Plan

62. Lincoln’s Plan is never implemented! April 1865 -Lincoln assassinated 13 th amendment officially ends slavery in all of the United States

63. Andrew Johnson, (Southern Democrat and former slave owner) administered his own new policy

64. The Johnson Plan (or Presidential Reconstruction) 1. Forgives (grants amnesty) Confederates as long as they sign a loyalty oath. 2. New state governments must be elected. Former Confederates are allowed to serve. 3. The Act of Secession must be repealed.

65. Johnson’s Plan, cont. 4. States must write a new state constitution. 5. Cancelled war debts (for the South). 6. States (in the South) must ratify the 13 th Amendment.

66. Johnson’s Plan - PROBLEMS More generous to the South! Does not “punish” the South! 1. Amnesty (forgiveness) awarded to “certain” Southerners. 2. Shows leniency (mercy or compassion) towards the South.

67. Johnson’s Presidency He lacked Mandate to govern Support of Congress Also was anti- civil rights BTW: He would not support the 13 th Amendment!

68. Tension Between Johnson and Congress Leads to Impeachment Trial! -The House votes to “impeach” Johnson (to accuse of wrongdoing and bring to trial) -President escapes removal by only 1 vote

69. Honors “Plans” Reading Read Johnson’s statement first, then Stevens’ statement and answer all questions. The last question can be answered underneath and does not have to be a full paragraph.

70. Descriptions of Plans Radical = extreme in their beliefs Moderates = mainstream views of the political party, not extreme at all We had moderate plans for reconstruction (Lincoln & Johnson), but now they change to the RADICAL version called...

71. Radical or Congressional Reconstruction Congress bypasses President Johnson Reconstruction Act of 1867 -passed by Radical Republicans in Congress -state governments declared illegal 1. South divided into 5 military districts with federal troops in control.

72. Radical Reconstruction cont… To rejoin the Union: 2. Adopt a constitution guaranteeing all male citizens (includes African Americans) the right to vote. 3. Elect a new government, but no former Confederates are allowed to serve. 4. State Legislatures are required to ratify the 14 th Amendment (concerns citizenship issues)