1. Reconstruction Plans

2. Mindset #46 As we learned last week, the Civil War ended when the South surrendered, but the war was far from over. It left devastation and destruction all throughout the nation. As we learned last week, the Civil War ended when the South surrendered, but the war was far from over. It left devastation and destruction all throughout the nation. Summarize the two plans for Reconstruction – Lincoln and Johnson. Summarize the two plans for Reconstruction – Lincoln and Johnson. Should the South be punished for its actions during the Civil War or be forgiven and allowed to recover? Should the South be punished for its actions during the Civil War or be forgiven and allowed to recover? THINKER: What do you think is more important for the U.S. after the Civil War: restoration of the Union or helping freed slaves achieve equality? EXPLAIN! THINKER: What do you think is more important for the U.S. after the Civil War: restoration of the Union or helping freed slaves achieve equality? EXPLAIN!

3. Discussion Questions The debate over Reconstruction centered around three issues: The debate over Reconstruction centered around three issues: Under what terms were the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union, and who should establish those terms – Congress or the President? Under what terms were the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union, and who should establish those terms – Congress or the President? Who should be punished for the rebellion and how? Who should be punished for the rebellion and how? What was to be done, if anything, to aid the newly freed slaves? What was to be done, if anything, to aid the newly freed slaves?

4. Reconstruction The Confederates had been defeated and their homes were completely destroyed. The Confederates had been defeated and their homes were completely destroyed. Charleston, SC was described as “a city of ruins, of desolation, of empty houses, of widowed women, of rotting docks, of deserted warehouses, of weed wild gardens, of acres of pitiful….barrenness.” Charleston, SC was described as “a city of ruins, of desolation, of empty houses, of widowed women, of rotting docks, of deserted warehouses, of weed wild gardens, of acres of pitiful….barrenness.” Between 1865 and 1877 the federal government implemented reconstruction which was a program to repair the damage to the South and restore southern states to the Union. Between 1865 and 1877 the federal government implemented reconstruction which was a program to repair the damage to the South and restore southern states to the Union. This program was extremely controversial. This program was extremely controversial.

5. After – Effects of the Civil War Physical: destroyed 2/3 of South’s shipping industry and 9,000 miles of railroads. It ruined farm land, farm buildings, farm machinery, animals, livestock, bridges, canals and factories. The value of Southern property decreased 70%. Physical: destroyed 2/3 of South’s shipping industry and 9,000 miles of railroads. It ruined farm land, farm buildings, farm machinery, animals, livestock, bridges, canals and factories. The value of Southern property decreased 70%. Humans: destroyed a whole generation of young, healthy men. Humans: destroyed a whole generation of young, healthy men. One out of three southern men were killed or wounded. One out of three southern men were killed or wounded.

6. After – Effects of the Civil War Postwar South: Postwar South: Black Southerners: 4 million freed slaves were starting a new life. As slaves, they received food and shelter. Now, they found themselves homeless, unemployed, and starved. Black Southerners: 4 million freed slaves were starting a new life. As slaves, they received food and shelter. Now, they found themselves homeless, unemployed, and starved. Plantation Owners: Planters lost slave labor worth $3 billion. The government seized $100 million in land and cotton. Plantation Owners: Planters lost slave labor worth $3 billion. The government seized $100 million in land and cotton. Poor White Southerners: high unemployment rate because of competition, many started moving West Poor White Southerners: high unemployment rate because of competition, many started moving West

7. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan Offered a pardon (official forgiveness of a crime) to any Confederate who took an oath of allegiance. Offered a pardon (official forgiveness of a crime) to any Confederate who took an oath of allegiance. Denied pardons to all Confederates who had killed African American war prisoners. Denied pardons to all Confederates who had killed African American war prisoners. Permitted each state to create a new state constitution (only when 10% of voters had sworn their allegiance) Permitted each state to create a new state constitution (only when 10% of voters had sworn their allegiance) States should hold elections and resume full participation in the Union. States should hold elections and resume full participation in the Union.

8. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance to the Union. Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance to the Union. Permitted each state to hold a constitutional convention (without Lincoln’s 10%) Permitted each state to hold a constitutional convention (without Lincoln’s 10%) States could hold elections to rejoin the Union ONLY if they voided secession, abolished slavery and denied the Confederate debt. States could hold elections to rejoin the Union ONLY if they voided secession, abolished slavery and denied the Confederate debt.

9. Johnson’s Views on Slavery Even though Johnson remained in Washington supporting President Lincoln, he closely identified with his fellow Southerners' views on slavery. Even though Johnson remained in Washington supporting President Lincoln, he closely identified with his fellow Southerners' views on slavery. Johnson disagreed strongly with their calls to break up the Union over the issue. Johnson disagreed strongly with their calls to break up the Union over the issue.

10. Johnson the Hero Johnson was deemed a traitor; his property was confiscated and his wife and two daughters were driven from the state. Johnson was deemed a traitor; his property was confiscated and his wife and two daughters were driven from the state. In the North, however, Johnson's stand made him an overnight hero. In the North, however, Johnson's stand made him an overnight hero.

11. Emancipation Though Johnson was deeply committed to saving the Union, he did not believe in the emancipation of slaves. Though Johnson was deeply committed to saving the Union, he did not believe in the emancipation of slaves. After Lincoln made him the military governor of Tennessee, Johnson convinced the President to exempt Tennessee from the Emancipation Proclamation. After Lincoln made him the military governor of Tennessee, Johnson convinced the President to exempt Tennessee from the Emancipation Proclamation. By the summer of 1863, however, he began to favor emancipation as a war measure. By the summer of 1863, however, he began to favor emancipation as a war measure.

12. Equality for Blacks It quickly became clear that Johnson would block efforts to force Southern states to guarantee full equality for blacks. It quickly became clear that Johnson would block efforts to force Southern states to guarantee full equality for blacks. The stage was set for a showdown with Congress, who viewed black voting rights as crucial to their power base in the South. The stage was set for a showdown with Congress, who viewed black voting rights as crucial to their power base in the South.

13. Stopping the President In 1866, Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. In 1866, Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. Civil Rights Act of 1866 – granting citizenship Civil Rights Act of 1866 – granting citizenship Congress also passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, authorizing the federal government to protect the rights of all citizens. Congress also passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, authorizing the federal government to protect the rights of all citizens. Each of these -- except the Amendment -- was passed over President Johnson's veto. Each of these -- except the Amendment -- was passed over President Johnson's veto.

14. Impeach the President In a final humiliating gesture, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, which stripped the President of the power to remove federal officials without the Senate's approval. In a final humiliating gesture, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, which stripped the President of the power to remove federal officials without the Senate's approval. In direct opposition to the act, he fired Secretary of War Stanton. In direct opposition to the act, he fired Secretary of War Stanton. Congress then voted to impeach Johnson by a vote of 126 to 47 in February 1868. Congress then voted to impeach Johnson by a vote of 126 to 47 in February 1868. He was acquitted by 1 vote. He was acquitted by 1 vote.

15. Impeach the President Citing his violation of the Tenure of Office Act and charging that he had brought disgrace and ridicule on Congress, an impeachment trial was held. Citing his violation of the Tenure of Office Act and charging that he had brought disgrace and ridicule on Congress, an impeachment trial was held. By a margin of one vote, the Senate voted not to convict Johnson, and he served the duration of the term won by Lincoln. By a margin of one vote, the Senate voted not to convict Johnson, and he served the duration of the term won by Lincoln.

16. Radical Republicans in Congress Strongly antislavery Strongly antislavery Wanted total political change in the south Wanted total political change in the south Wade-Davis Bill Wade-Davis Bill Majority of white male population had to swear loyalty to the Union Majority of white male population had to swear loyalty to the Union Helped to pass many legislative acts to give rights to newly freed slaves Helped to pass many legislative acts to give rights to newly freed slaves

17. 13 th Amendment 1865 1865 “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” Officially abolished and prohibited slavery. Officially abolished and prohibited slavery. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT: 1866 – gives citizenship to African Americans and guarantees equal protection under the law. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT: 1866 – gives citizenship to African Americans and guarantees equal protection under the law.

18. 14 th Amendment 1868 1868 “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws…” “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws…” Prevented states from denying rights to any United States citizen. Prevented states from denying rights to any United States citizen.

19. 15 th Amendment 1870 1870 “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Gives all citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, or former servitude. Gives all citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, or former servitude.

20. African Americans’ New Freedoms Land ownership: could purchase land Land ownership: could purchase land Worship: formed their own churches, volunteer groups, clubs, and associations. Worship: formed their own churches, volunteer groups, clubs, and associations. Education: In 5 years, they founded 30 African American learning institutions. Education: In 5 years, they founded 30 African American learning institutions. Sharecropping: provided land and capital for workers; both parties working together Sharecropping: provided land and capital for workers; both parties working together Freedmen’s Bureau: gave clothing, medical supplies, education, and meals to black and white war refugees. Freedmen’s Bureau: gave clothing, medical supplies, education, and meals to black and white war refugees.

22. Radical Reconstruction The free movement of blacks terrified the less populated whites. The free movement of blacks terrified the less populated whites. Black Codes: laws restricting the rights of newly freed African Americans; such as, contract negotiation, travel, weapons, and property ownership. (some states were more radical) Black Codes: laws restricting the rights of newly freed African Americans; such as, contract negotiation, travel, weapons, and property ownership. (some states were more radical) Ku Klux Klan (KKK): lynching blacks and any whites who might support them. Ku Klux Klan (KKK): lynching blacks and any whites who might support them.

23. Radical Reconstruction US v. CRUIKSHANK (1875) US v. CRUIKSHANK (1875) A mob of whites attacked and killed 100 blacks over black voting rights. A mob of whites attacked and killed 100 blacks over black voting rights. The court ruled that the Reconstruction amendments only applied to state governments and not individuals. The court ruled that the Reconstruction amendments only applied to state governments and not individuals. This made it difficult to prosecute groups such as the KKK for civil rights violations. This made it difficult to prosecute groups such as the KKK for civil rights violations.

24. End of Reconstruction The end of Reconstruction was met with extreme racism and corruption. The end of Reconstruction was met with extreme racism and corruption. By 1877 Reconstruction was dead and the North had lost interest in helping Southern blacks. By 1877 Reconstruction was dead and the North had lost interest in helping Southern blacks. Many factors contributed to its demise: Many factors contributed to its demise: 1. Economic troubles in the country 2. A more conservative turn in the nation 3. A general feeling that Reconstruction failed 4. The resurgence of the Democratic party 5. Allowance of racist attitudes.

25. Closure What were the similarities and differences between Lincoln and Johnson’s Reconstruction plans? What were the similarities and differences between Lincoln and Johnson’s Reconstruction plans? What were the 13, 14, 15 Amendments? What were the 13, 14, 15 Amendments? How did the Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Codes effect African Americans? How did the Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Codes effect African Americans? Why did Reconstruction fail? Why did Reconstruction fail?