1. Object-Oriented Modeling Using UML CS 3331 Section 2.3 of Jia 2003

2. Outline  State machine diagram Basic elements Protocol vs behavior state machines Structuring state machines  Sequence diagram 2

3. Dynamic Models  Used to model control aspects (e.g., when)  Several different models possible, e.g., State machine diagram: focusing on state changes Interaction diagram: focusing on interactions  Sequence diagram: time order of interactions between objects  Communication diagram: messages passed between objects 3

4. State Machine Diagram  Depicts the flow of control using states and transitions by describing How an object or system changes over time Event (e.g., operation calls) it may respond to How it respond to them  Generalization of finite state machines  Good for modeling reactive systems 4

5. Modeling Object States  Graph representing finite state machine  Network of states and transitions OnOff button pressed 5

6. Elements of State Machine Diagram Idle Initial state Running Final state State Transition 6

7. State  Condition or situation in the life of a system (or object) during which it: Satisfies some condition, Performs some activity, or Waits for some events.  Set of values of properties that affect the behavior of the system (or object). Determines response to an event, Thus, different states may produce different responses to the same event 7

8. State (Cont.)  Examples The invoice is paid. The car is parked. The engine is running. Kate is working. Jim is playing. All ships are placed. A Game is over. The system is waiting for a player shot. 8

9. Transition  Relationship between two states indicating that a system (or object) in the first state will: Perform certain actions and Enter the second state when specified event occurs and specified condition is satisfied.  Consists of: Source and target states Optional event, guard condition, and action Source Event [Condition] / Action Target 9

10. Definition  Event An occurrence of a stimulus that can trigger a state transition Instantaneous and no duration  Action An executable atomic computation that results in a change in state of the model or the return of a value keyPressed(k) [k == ENTER_KEY] / buf := input 10

11. Example OffOn pressed/turn on light pressed/turn off light 11 Q: Model a night light that automatically turns on and off?

12. Outline  State machine diagram Basic elements Protocol vs behavior state machines Structuring state machines  Sequence diagram 12

13. Protocol vs. Behavior Machines  Protocol state machine Specifies the intended pattern of calls on an object by specifying  which operations of the object can be called in which state  and under which condition, thus specifying the allowed call sequences on the object's operations. Describes an object's life cycle. Post-conditions are used instead of actions  Behavior state machine Expresses the behavior of part of a system, e.g., to define object and operation behavior Actions are used instead of post-conditions States can have actions (entry, exit, do) 13

14. Protocol State Machine Not Overdrawn [balance >= 0] Overdrawn [balance < 0] deposit(x) withdraw(x)[balance - x >= 0] deposit(x)[balance + x < 0] deposit(x)[balance + x >= 0] withdraw(x)[balance - x < 0] Account -balance: int + withdraw(x: int): void + deposit(x: int): void 14

15. Behavior State Machine Searching [i <= N && a[i] != v] / k := -1; i = 0 [a[i] = v] / k := i [i < N && a[i] != v] / i := i + 1 [i >= N && a[i] != v] 15

16. In Class: Digital Watch  (Pairs) Draw a state machine diagram The watch has a single mode button and a single advance button. Pressing the mode button once and then pressing the advance button increments the hours by 1. Each press of the advance button increments the hour. Pressing the mode button the second time allows advancing the minutes by one. Pressing the mode button a third time displays the current time. While displaying the current time, the advance button is ignored. Pressing the mode button allows the user to set the hour again. 16

17. More on States  Optional internal activities Actions and activities performed while in the state Predefined: entry, exit, do  Optional internal transitions Reaction within a state but without changing state Name Internal activities Internal transitions 17

18. Internal Activities and Transitions  Internal activities Entry: performed on entry to state Exit: performed on exit from state Do: performed while in the state  Internal transitions Reactions to events that doesn’t cause state changes Attacking entry/unsheathe sword do/charge exit/sheathe sword enemy swings[distance<3 ft]/dodge 18

19. Example Starting entry / start dial tone exit / end dial tone Dialing entry / number.append(n) dialed (n) [number.isValid()] 19

20. Outline  State machine diagram Basic elements Protocol vs behavior state machines Structuring state machines  Sequence diagram 20

21. Structuring Diagrams anomaly Normal Recovery Identification Pressure Recovery Temperature Recovery recovery success recovery success temperature pressure recovery failure recovery failure recovery failure Can this diagram be presented better? 21

22. Composite States anomaly Normal Recovery Identification Pressure Recovery Temperature Recovery recovery success temperature pressure Recovery recovery failure 22

23. Composite States (Cont.)  Used to simplify diagrams  Inside, looks like state machine diagram  May have composite transitions  May have transitions from substates  Sequential (OR) and parallel (AND) states 23

24. Composites and Transitions Idle Maintenance Printing Selecting Processing Validating Transition from substate Transition to/from composite state Active 24

25. Exercise  Model a night light that Automatically turns on and off when it becomes dark or bright. Has a button to select a light color: white, blue, and red. The initial color is white, and pressing the button while the light is on changes it to the next color. 25

26. Parallel Composition  Concurrency (split of control)  Synchronization substate1substate2 Superstate substate3substate4 26

27. Example 27

28. Exercise  Model a night light that Automatically turns on and off when it becomes dark or bright. Has a button to select a light color: white, blue, and red. The initial color is white, and pressing the button changes it to the next color in the color sequence. The button works regardless whether the light is on or off. 28

29. Outline State machine diagram  Sequence diagram 29

30. Sequence Diagram  Describes a sequence of method calls among objects  Highlights the time ordering of method calls 30

31. Example message lifetime control object 31

32. Example (Cont.) Sequence of message sending 32