1. Political Parties

2.  Political Party - group that seeks to elect candidates to public office A label (voters identify with) An organization (nominate and elect) A set of leaders (represent and organize in government  CONGRESS!) Copyright © 2013 Cengage

3.  Tasks of the Parties Linkage Institution: the channels through which people’s concerns become political issues on the government’s policy agenda Parties Pick Candidates Parties Run Campaigns Parties Give Cues to Voters Parties Articulate Policies Parties Coordinate Policymaking

5.  Since 1960 parties have become weaker and affiliation has decreased  Independents = INCREASING

7.  The Jeffersonian Republicans (Democratic Republicans v. Federalists = first 2 parties in U.S.)  The Jacksonians =emergence of the Democratic party (Republicans v. Jacksonian Democrats)  The Civil War and Sectionalism 1860 - old parties divided, emergence of 1 st third party over SLAVERY (Democrats, Whigs, Republicans) 1896 W.J. Bryan – drove away democrat and encouraged republican support North = REPUBLICAN South = DEMOCRAT 1932 FDR New Deal – Democrats supported the urban/industrial government public works programs, while south remained agrarian North = DEMOCRAT South = REPUBLICAN Copyright © 2013 Cengage

8.  The Era of Reform - fight voting fraud - initiative = “petitioning” to change legislation - referendum = citizens vote directly on legislation or answer ballot question  Party Realignments - party is badly defeated  disappears (Federalists & Whigs) - voters shift support from one party to another because of an issue (slavery & Great Depression)  Party Decline

10.  1968-Present: The Era of Divided Party Government Divided government: one party controls Congress and the other controls White House Divided government in party: Party dealignment  disengagement of people from parties (shrinking party ID) Party neutrality  people indifferent towards the two parties

11.  Party image A voter’s perception of what Republicans or Democrats stand for  Party identification A citizen’s self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other Republican, Democrat, or Independent  Ticket-splitting Voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices Independents are most likely to split tickets.

12. Copyright © 2013 Cengage Source: American National Election Studies, Table 9B.2, “Split-Ticket Voting for President/Congress, 1952–2008.”

13. 1.In the U.S., what is the first step that candidates take in running for office? * Announce/Declare their candidacy! 2. What must a candidate do once declaration of running for office is established? *Hire campaign manager, decide their slogan, determine campaign issues important to them, FUNDRAISE, campaign trail 3. In the U.S., do party affiliated elected officials always vote and/or make decisions that the party as a whole wants? * NO! Ex. – Chief Jusitce Roberts (appointed by G.W. Bush – republican) ruling on the ACA (Obama Care)

14. Copyright © 2013 Cengage President Obama in 2011 used an e-mail and a video to tell his followers that he was going to run for reelection in 2012. Digital communication has become more important for both parties. O/Reuters/Landov

15.  In Europe, political parties have more influence because: Candidates = usually nominated by party leaders Campaigns = run by party, not candidate Elected official = expected to vote and act with members of party Copyright © 2013 Cengage

16. CHARLES PLATIAU/Reuters/Corbis

17.  National Convention: meeting of party delegates every 4 years to choose pres. ticket and party platform Delegates (pg. 214 – 215) National Convention

18.  Republicans Mia Love Rick Santorum Chris Christie  Democrats Bill Clinton Tammy Duckworth Barbara Mikulski

20.  National Committee: keeps party operating between conventions  Congressional Campaign Committee: committee in congress, gives funds to “hopefuls” and re-election members  National Chairperson: responsible for day-to-day activities of party

21. Copyright © 2013 Cengage Source: 2008 CBS News/New York Times delegate polls.

22.  1970s : McGovern Reform Rules 1. reduce power over delegates by local party leaders 2. Increase women, young person, African Amer., and Native Americans at convention

23. 1980- 1. Men and women = equal delegate rep. 2. Minority delegate proportion rep. 3. 75% of delegates elected from congressional districts 4. Delegates not required to vote with the state delegate majority 5. Restrict # of party leaders and elected officials to vote at convention (“superdelegates”) 6. Required pledge loyalty to candidate

24. - 1981(Hunt Commission) 1. 14% delegate seats saved for “superdelegates” without candidate loyalty pledge “superdelegates” – party leaders and elected officials (governors, state & federal legislators) who don’t need primary or caucus vote to become delegate 2. Delegates need not pledge candidate loyalty (repealed from earlier) Delegates/Superdelegates

25.  1992 chair Ronald Brown Reforms 1. Banned extra delegate rewards for primary and caucus winners 2. Proportional Representation (divides elected delegates among candidates who receive at least 15% of vote) 3. States penalized 25% of their national convention delegates for violating rules

26. Copyright © 2013 Cengage Source: 2008 CBS/New York Times polls.

27.  The Machine  Ideological Parties  Solidarity Groups  Sponsored Parties  Personal Following Copyright © 2013 Cengage Ex-Senator George Washington Plunkitt of Tammany Hall explains machine politics from atop the bootblack stand in front of the New York County Courthouse around 1905, p. 217. By permission of the Houghton Library/Harvard University

28. Copyright © 2013 Cengage Reuters/CORBIS

29.  These are the people that work for the party  Local Parties Party Machines: party org. that relies on material inducements to win votes and to govern Patronage: job, promotion or contract given for political reasons

30. WHY HAS THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM PERSISTED IN THE UNITED STATES?  Plurality System – “most” votes needed NOT a majority (winner-take-all)  Voter Opinion  State Laws Copyright © 2013 Cengage

31. Source: Data from CNN exit polls for each year. The Two Party System: Party Voting

32.  Ideological  One-Issue  Economic-Protest  Factional Copyright © 2013 Cengage The Socialist party was an ideological party The “Bull Moose” Progressive party split off from the Republicans to support Theodore Roosevelt. Library of Congress/LC-DIG pga-01130

33. Copyright © 2013 Cengage