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Chapter 4 Life in the Marine Environment
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Energy
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The ability to do work All living things require energy
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Metabolism
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The sum total of all the chemical reaction that take place in an organism
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Anabolism
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Reactions that build up Reactions that require energy
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Catabolism
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Reactions that break down biomolecules Reactions that give off energy
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Common atoms found in living things
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Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
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Building Blocks of Life
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Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates Sugars & starches Structure, energy storage, & intermediates in metabolic pathways
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Lipids Fats & oils Energy storage & membrane structure
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Proteins Long chain amino acids Every possible use
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Nucleic Acids DNA & RNA Carrying the genetic code
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Carbon Fixation
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Changing atmospheric carbon (CO 2 ) to a usable form CO 2 ----> C 6 H 12 O 6
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Photosynthesis
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Using energy from light to convert CO 2 to organic matter (carbon fixation) Anabolic reaction
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Chlorophyll
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The main pigment that absorbs sunlight in the photosynthetic process
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Main Photosynthetic Reaction
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6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O --------------> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2
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Respiration
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The breakdown of organic matter producing energy, CO 2 & H 2 O Catabolic rxn Reverse of Photo. Rxn
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Autotrophs
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Perform carbon fixation Produce their own food
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Photoautotroph
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Obtains energy from light to perform carbon fixation Photosynthetic organisms
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Chemoautotroph
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Obtains energy from high energy chemicals to perform carbon fixation Chemosynthetic organisms
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Heterotrophs
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Cannot produce their own food Must consume food
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ATP
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Adenosine triphosphate Energy carrier in living organisms ATP ---> ADP + P + E
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Primary Production
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Another name for carbon fixation
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Primary Producers
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Make their own food Carbon fixers Autotrophs
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Consumers
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Must consume food Heterotrophs
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Resources
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Anything an organism needs to survive
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Nutrients
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Raw materials other than light, CO 2, O 2, & H 2 O that organisms need to survive
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Types of Cells
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Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
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Prokaryote Primitive Lack organelles No Nucleus
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Advanced cells Organelles within membranes Has Nucleus
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Types of Eukaryotic Cells
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Plant Cells Animal Cells
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Plant Cell Has cell walls Has chloroplasts Has huge vacuole
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Animal Cell Has no cell wall Has no chloroplasts Has smaller vacuoles
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Levels of Organization
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AtomSystem MoleculeIndividual OrganellePopulation Cell Community TissueEcosystem Organ
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Atom Fundamental unit of matter Oxygen, Hydrogen, etc
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Molecule Group of atoms chemically combined H 2 O, CO 2, C 6 H 12 O 6
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Organelle Complex structure bound within membrane Nucleus, mitochondria, etc
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Cell Basic unit of life
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Tissue Group of cells specialized for the same function Muscle tissue
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Organ Tissue organized into structures Stomach, heart, etc
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Organ System A group of organs that work in cooperation Digestive system, etc
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Individual An organism Human, amoeba, etc
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Population The number of organisms in a particular species 8,000,000 rats in Baltimore
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Community All the populations in a habitat Humans, rats, roaches, etc in Baltimore
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Ecosystem Community of communities bound in a common area Chesapeake Bay Basin
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Classification of organisms based on mobility
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Planktonic Nektonic Benthic
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Planktonic
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Cannot swim faster than the ocean currents Free floating of free drifting
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Nektonic
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Can swim against the currents Free swimming
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Benthic
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Bottom dwelling
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Sessile
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Attached to a surface
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Diffusion
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The movement of particles down an energy gradient hot to cold, etc
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Osmosis
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The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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Osmoregulator
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Organisms that can regulate their internal salt content
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Osmoconformer
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Organisms that cannot regulate their internal salt content
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Endotherm Homeotherm Warm Blooded
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Organisms that can control their internal body temperature
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Ectotherm Poikilotherm Cold Blooded
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Organisms that cannot control their internal body temperature
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Reproduction
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The ability of organisms to produce new organisms similar to themselves
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Modes of Reproduction
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Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
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Asexual Reproduction
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Reproduction that does not involve a partner Binary fission Budding Vegetative reproduction
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Binary Fission
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Mitosis One organism split into 2 identical organisms Cloning
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Budding
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Parent cell develops small growth (Bud) that breaks off & becomes new organism
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Vegetative Reproduction
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Sending various kinds of runners that take root and sever from the parent to become new individual
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Germ Tissue
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Specialized tissue used in sexual reproduction
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Meiosis
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Specialized reproduction germ cells perform that divides diploid cells into haploid cells
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Diploid Cells
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Normal cells that have two similar sets of chromosomes 2n
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Haploid Cells
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Gametes that have only one set of chromosomes 1n or n
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Gametes
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The male or female haploid cells Sperm - male Egg - female
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Gonads
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The germ tissue that produces haploid cells Ovaries - Female Testes - Male
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Fertilization
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The process in which the sperm contacts & fuses with the egg
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Zygote
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Fertilized egg
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Embryo
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Name for the fertilized egg after cell division begins
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Heredity
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The transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next
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Natural Selection
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The individuals that have the best adaptive traits have the greatest survival rate Survival of the fittest
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Evolution
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Genetic changes over time due to natural selection
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Phylogeny
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Evolutionary history of a species
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Taxonomy
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Classification of organisms
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Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species
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Kingdoms
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Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
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Archaebacteria
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Primative bacteria Prokaryotes Thermophiles Halophiles
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Eubacteria
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Advanced bacteria True bacteria Prokaryotes
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Protista
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Unicellular eukaryotes and multi-cellular algae
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Fungi
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Plant like heterotrophs
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Plantae
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Complex organisms that perform photosynthesis Have cell walls Have chloroplasts
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Animalia
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Complex heterotrophs No cell walls No Chloroplasts
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