1. 9-1 CHAPTER 9 Architectural Pattern of an Animal

2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-2 Cnidarian Polyps

3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-3 New Designs for Living Zoologists recognize 34 major phyla of living multicellular animals Zoologists recognize 34 major phyla of living multicellular animals Survivors of around 100 phyla that appeared 600 million years ago during Cambrian explosion Survivors of around 100 phyla that appeared 600 million years ago during Cambrian explosion

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5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-5 Animal Body Plans Animal Symmetry Animal Symmetry Symmetry Symmetry Correspondence of size and shape of parts on opposite sides of a median plane Correspondence of size and shape of parts on opposite sides of a median plane Spherical symmetry Spherical symmetry Any plane passing through center divides body into mirrored halves Any plane passing through center divides body into mirrored halves Best suited for floating and rolling Best suited for floating and rolling Found chiefly among some unicellular forms Found chiefly among some unicellular forms Rare in animals (unicellular) Rare in animals (unicellular)

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7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-7 Radial symmetry Radial symmetry Body divided into similar halves by more than 2 planes passing through longitudinal axis Body divided into similar halves by more than 2 planes passing through longitudinal axis Usually sessile, freely floating, or weakly swimming animals Usually sessile, freely floating, or weakly swimming animals Examples: jellyfish, sea urchin Examples: jellyfish, sea urchin No anterior or posterior end No anterior or posterior end Can interact with environment in all directions Can interact with environment in all directions Animal Body Plans

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-8 Bilateral Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Organism can be divided along a sagittal plane into two mirror portions Organism can be divided along a sagittal plane into two mirror portions Right and left halves Right and left halves Much better fitted for directional (forward) movement Much better fitted for directional (forward) movement Example: Most vertebrates Example: Most vertebrates Associated with cephalization Associated with cephalization Differentiation of a head region with concentration of nervous tissue and sense organs (brain) Differentiation of a head region with concentration of nervous tissue and sense organs (brain) Animal Body Plans

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10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-10 Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animals Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animals Anterior Anterior Head end Head end Posterior Posterior Tail end Tail end Dorsal Dorsal Back side Back side Ventral Ventral Front or belly side Front or belly side Medial Medial Midline of body Midline of body Lateral Lateral Sides Sides Animal Body Plans

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-11 Distal Distal Parts farther from the middle of body Parts farther from the middle of body Proximal Proximal Parts are nearer the middle of body Parts are nearer the middle of body Frontal plane (coronal plane) Frontal plane (coronal plane) Divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral halves Divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral halves Sagittal plane Sagittal plane Divides body into right and left halves Divides body into right and left halves Transverse plane (cross section) Transverse plane (cross section) Divides body into anterior and posterior portions Divides body into anterior and posterior portions Animal Body Plans

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-12 Body Cavities and Germ Layers Body cavities vary among animals Body cavities vary among animals Acoelomate: One mesoderm lined body cavity, gut cavity - no coelom. Acoelomate: One mesoderm lined body cavity, gut cavity - no coelom. Pseudocoelomate: 2 body cavities, gut and mesoderm lined cavity (false coelom) Pseudocoelomate: 2 body cavities, gut and mesoderm lined cavity (false coelom) Coelomates (Eucoelomate): have mesoderm lined coelom Coelomates (Eucoelomate): have mesoderm lined coelom Schizocoelous and Enterocoelous: 3 body cavities, gut and 2 coelom cavities with mesoderm lining Schizocoelous and Enterocoelous: 3 body cavities, gut and 2 coelom cavities with mesoderm lining Some animal have NO body cavities or mesoderm Some animal have NO body cavities or mesoderm Sponge (no germ layers, no gut) Sponge (no germ layers, no gut) Cnidarians (gut, but no mesoderm) Cnidarians (gut, but no mesoderm)

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14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-14 Animal phyla with body cavities form: Animal phyla with body cavities form: Development proceeds from blastula (hollow mass of cells) to gastrula (opening forms) Development proceeds from blastula (hollow mass of cells) to gastrula (opening forms) Blastula internal cavity is blastocoel Blastula internal cavity is blastocoel Once invagination occurs, zygote is gastrula (gut cavity) Once invagination occurs, zygote is gastrula (gut cavity) Original site of opening is blastopore, and will eventually become the gut cavity Original site of opening is blastopore, and will eventually become the gut cavity Opening becomes the mouth or the anus Opening becomes the mouth or the anus Gut is lined by endoderm Gut is lined by endoderm Outer layer of cells is ectoderm Outer layer of cells is ectoderm Body Cavities and Germ Layers

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 8-15 Incomplete/ Blind Gut Complete Gut Generalized Development Blastopore (Opening) Gastrocoel (Cavity/Gut)

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18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-18 Developmental Origins in Triploblasts Body Plans Triploblastic animals (have 3 germ layers) Triploblastic animals (have 3 germ layers) Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm Diploblastic animals (have 2 germ layers) Diploblastic animals (have 2 germ layers) no mesoderm no mesoderm

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20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-20 A Complete Gut Design and Segmentation Metamerism (Segmentation) Metamerism (Segmentation) Serial repetition of similar body segments along longitudinal axis of body Serial repetition of similar body segments along longitudinal axis of body Each segment is a metamere Each segment is a metamere Permits greater body mobility and complexity of structure and function Permits greater body mobility and complexity of structure and function Annelids, Arthropods, Chordates Annelids, Arthropods, Chordates

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22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-22 Cellular Components: Tissues Cellular Components: Tissues Histology is the study of types of tissues Histology is the study of types of tissues Four major types of tissues form during embryonic development Four major types of tissues form during embryonic development Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue Components of Metazoan Bodies

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24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-24 Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Sheet of cells that covers an internal or external surface Sheet of cells that covers an internal or external surface Function Function Protection Protection Absorption Absorption Secretion Secretion Components of Metazoan Bodies

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-25 A.Lines blood capillaries and lungs B.Line Ducts and Tubules (Kidney) C.Lines intestinal tract (increase absorption )

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27. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-27 Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Widespread in body Widespread in body Contains relatively few cells, many fibers, and a ground substance or matrix Contains relatively few cells, many fibers, and a ground substance or matrix Connective tissue includes blood, lymph, cartilage, and bone Connective tissue includes blood, lymph, cartilage, and bone Components of Metazoan Bodies

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-28 A.Blood vessels, nerves, organs B.Tendons, Ligaments, Fasciae C.Cartilage D.Bone with osteocyte

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-29 Muscular Tissue Muscular Tissue Most abundant tissue in most animals Most abundant tissue in most animals Originates from mesoderm Originates from mesoderm Muscle cell called a muscle fiber Muscle cell called a muscle fiber Specialized for contraction Specialized for contraction 3 types 3 types Skeletal Skeletal Voluntary - connected to bone for movement Voluntary - connected to bone for movement Cardiac Cardiac Involuntary - heart Involuntary - heart Smooth Smooth Involuntary - lines blood vessels and digestive tract Involuntary - lines blood vessels and digestive tract Components of Metazoan Bodies

30. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-30 A.Smooth Muscle: Surrounds blood vessels and intestine B. Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bone for movement C. Cardiac Muscle: Found in the heart

31. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-31 Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue Specialized to receive stimuli and conduct impulses from one region to another Specialized to receive stimuli and conduct impulses from one region to another Basic cell type Basic cell type Neurons Neurons Structural and functional unit of nervous system Structural and functional unit of nervous system Components of Metazoan Bodies

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33. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-33 Animal size has evolved overtime

34. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-34 The amount of oxygen required to move an Animal 1 km.

35. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-35 A large animal has less surface area compared to its volume than does a smaller animal A large animal has less surface area compared to its volume than does a smaller animal May be inadequate for respiration and nutrition by cells located deep within its body May be inadequate for respiration and nutrition by cells located deep within its body Flattening or enfolding the body increases surface area, as in flatworms Flattening or enfolding the body increases surface area, as in flatworms Most animals developed internal transports systems to shuttle nutrients, gases and waste products, as they became larger Most animals developed internal transports systems to shuttle nutrients, gases and waste products, as they became larger Complexity and Body Size

36. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9-36 Benefits of Being Large Benefits of Being Large Buffers against environmental fluctuations Buffers against environmental fluctuations Provides protection against predators and promotes offensive tactics Provides protection against predators and promotes offensive tactics Cost of maintaining body temperature is less per gram of body weight than in small animals Cost of maintaining body temperature is less per gram of body weight than in small animals Energy costs of moving a gram of body weight over a given distance less for larger animals Energy costs of moving a gram of body weight over a given distance less for larger animals Complexity and Body Size