1. CSCI 465 D ata Communications and Networks Lecture 13 Martin van Bommel CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 1

2. Switching Techniques Transmission beyond local area requires intermediate switching nodes Nodes concerned not with content but with movement of data Two technologies of switching differ in way data is switched from one link to another – circuit switching versus packet switching CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 2

3. Circuit-Switching Definition: – Communication in which a dedicated communications path is established between two devices through one or more intermediate switching nodes Dominant in both voice and data today – e.g. PSTN is a circuit-switched network Relatively inefficient – 100% dedication even without 100% utilization CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 3

4. Circuit-Switching Stages Circuit establishment – end-to-end circuit established before any signals can be transmitted Data transfer – point-to-point from endpoints to nodes – internal switching/multiplexing among nodes Circuit disconnect – deallocate resources dedicated to circuit CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 4

5. PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network Four generic components – Subscribers - devices that attach to network – Local loop - link from subscriber to network – Exchanges - switching centers (end office - connected to subscribers) – Trunks - branches between exchanges (FDM or synchronous TDM) CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 5

6. Circuit-Switched Node 6

7. Circuit-Switching Node: Digital Switch Provides transparent signal path between any pair of attached devices Appears to devices as direct connection Typically full-duplex CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 7

8. Circuit-Switching Node: Network Interface Provides hardware and functions to connect digital devices to switch Analog devices can be connected if interface includes CODEC functions Typically full-duplex Trunks to other switches carry TDM signals to provide links for multiple node networks CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 8

9. Circuit-Switching Node: Control Unit Establishes on-demand connections – handle and acknowledge request – determine if destination is free – construct path through switch Maintains connection while needed – maintain time-division for connection Breaks down connection on completion CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 9

10. Blocking/Non-blocking Networks Blocking – network is unable to connect two stations because all possible paths are already in use (acceptable for voice only) Non-blocking: – permits all possible connection requests because any two stations can be connected (and may stay that way for a long time) CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 10

11. Switching Techniques CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 11 Space-Division Switching – Developed for analog environment, but has been carried over into digital communication – Requires separate physical paths for each signal connection – Uses metallic or semiconductor “gates” Time-Division Switching – Used in digital transmission – Utilizes multiplexing to place all signals onto common transmission path – Bus must have higher data rate than the individual I/O lines

12. Circuit-Switched Networks: Routing Requires balancing efficiency and resiliency Traditional circuit-switched model is hierarchical, sometimes supplemented with peer-to-peer trunks Newer circuit-switched networks are dynamically routed: all nodes are peer-to- peer, making routing more complex CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 12

13. Alternate Routing Possible routes between two end offices are predefined Originating switch selects the best route for each call Routing paths can be fixed (one route) or dynamic (multiple routes, selected based on current and historical traffic) CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 13

14. Control Signaling Manage the establishment, maintenance, and termination of signal paths Includes signaling from subscriber to network, and signals within network In-channel signaling uses the same channel for control signals and calls Common-channel signaling uses independent channels for controls – SS7 – Signaling System Number 7 CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 14

15. Traditional Circuit Switching

16. Softswitch Architecture latest trend in circuit-switching technology computer running specialized software that turns it into a smart phone switch costs less and provides more functionality Media gateway (MG) – physical switching Media gateway controller (MGC) – call processing logic CSCI 465 Data Communications & Networks 16

17. Softswitch