1. Sami Al-wakeel 1 Data Transmission and Computer Networks The Switching Networks

2. Sami Al-wakeel 2 Switching Networks Two different technologies are used in the wide-area switched networks: – Circuit switching. – Packet switching.

3. Sami Al-wakeel 3 Circuit Switching Communication via circuit switching implies that there is a dedicated communication path between two station. The path is a connected sequence of links between network nodes The most common example of circuit switching is the telephone network. Communication via circuit switching involves three phases: – Circuit establishment. – Data transfer. – Circuit disconnect.

4. Sami Al-wakeel 4 1. Circuit Switching I. Circuit establishment: Before any signals can be transmitted, an end-to-end must be established. To establish a connection from station A to station F: C 2 B 1 4 5 A 7 3 6 E F D

5. Sami Al-wakeel 5 C 2 B 1 4 5 A 7 3 6 E F D 1. Circuit Switching II. Data Transfer: Information can be transmitted from A through the network to station F.

6. Sami Al-wakeel 6 1. Circuit Switching III. Circuit Disconnect: During the circuit establishment, channel capacity must be reserved between each pair of nodes in the path. Therefore, during circuit disconnect, signals must be propagated to node 4, 7, 6 to de allocate the dedicated resources.

7. Sami Al-wakeel 7 2. Packet Switching The Concept of Packet Switching: In packet switching, data are transmitted in short packets. A longer message is broken up into series of packets.

8. Sami Al-wakeel 8 2. Packet Switching The Concept of Packet Switching: Consider a packet to be send from A to F. The packet will include the address of the destination (F). A packet is sent from A to node 4. Node 4 stores the packet, determine the next node in the route (say 7), and queues the packet to go out on that link. The packet is then transmitted to 7, which will forward the packet to node 6, and finally to F. C 2 B 1 4 5 A 7 3 6 E F D

9. Sami Al-wakeel 9 2. Packet Switching Advantages of Packet Switching: Line efficiency is greater, since: – A single node-to-node link is shared by many packets over time. – With circuit switching node-to-node link is preallocated using synchronous TDM, Much of time, A link may be idle. Two stations of different data rate can exchange packets, since each connects to its node at its proper data rate. For heavy traffic on circuit switching, a connection may be blocked. On packet switching network, packet is still accepted, but delivery delay increases. Properties can be used in the queues.

10. Sami Al-wakeel 10 2. Packet switching There are two approaches in packet switching: – Datagram. – Virtual circuit. I. Datagram Approach: Each packet is treated independently. Suppose station A has three packets to send to F. On each packet, node 4 must make a routing decision. Node 4 could possibly forward a packet to either node 5 or node 7. Node 4 determines that its queue of packets for node 7 is shorter than for node 5, so it queues the packet for node 7. C 2 B 1 4 5 A 7 3 6 E F D

11. Sami Al-wakeel 11 2. Packet switching II. Virtual Circuit Approach: A route is established before any packet is sent. Suppose A has one or more messages to send to F. It first sends a special control packet, CALL REQUEST packet, to node 4, requesting a logical connection to F. Node 4 decide to route the request and all subsequent packets to 7, which decides to route the requests and all subsequent packets to 6, which finally delivers the CALL REQUEST packet to F. C 2 B 1 4 5 A 7 3 6 E F D

12. Sami Al-wakeel 12 2. Packet switching II. Virtual Circuit Approach: If F is prepared to accept the connection, it sends a CALL ACCEPT packet to 6. This packet is passed back through nodes 7 and 4 to A. Stations A and F may now exchange data over the route that has been established Note that the established route in virtual circuit is not a dedicated path, as in circuit switching. A packet is still buffered at each node and queued for output over a line. C 2 B 1 4 5 A 7 3 6 E F D

13. Sami Al-wakeel 13 2. Packet switching Advantages of the virtual circuit approach: – Packets arrives to destination in order. – Not necessary to make routing decision for each packet at each node. Advantages of the datagram approach: – Call setup phase is avoided. – Flexible, If congestion develops in one part of the network, incoming datagrams can be routed away from the congestion. – If a node fails, all virtual circuits that pass through that node are terminated. However, with datagram, all subsequent packets may find an alternate route.

14. Sami Al-wakeel 14 2. Packet switching Packet Length

15. Sami Al-wakeel 15 Comparison of Circuit Switching and Packet Switching

16. Sami Al-wakeel 16 Comparison of Circuit Switching and Packet Switching