1. FRAME RELAY

2. What is Frame Relay? high-performance WAN protocol operates at the physical and data link layers Originally designed for use across ISDN interfaces An example of packet-switched technology described as a streamlined version of X.25

3. Introduction Frame Relay (FR) is a high-performance WAN protocol that operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI reference model. FR originally was designed for use across Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) interfaces. Today, it is used over a variety of other network interfaces as well. FR is an example of a packet-switched technology. Packet-switched networks enable end stations to dynamically share the network medium and the available bandwidth. 3

4. Frame Relay Devices Devices attached to a Frame Relay WAN fall into the following two general categories: Data terminal equipment (DTE) DTEs generally are considered to be terminating equipment for a specific network and typically are located on the premises of a customer. Example of DTE devices are terminals, personal computers, routers, and bridges. Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) DCEs are carrier-owned internetworking devices. The purpose of DCE equipments is to provide clocking and switching services in a network, which are the devices that actually transmit data through the WAN. 4

5. Frame Relay Devices (cont.) 5

6. Frame Relay vs. X.25 Frame Relay is a Layer 2 protocol suite, X.25 provides services at Layer 3 Frame Relay offers higher performance and greater transmission efficiency than X.25

7. Frame Relay Devices Figure 1 Frame Relay Devices

8. Circuit-Switching Long-haul telecom network designed for voice Network resources dedicated to one call Shortcomings when used for data: Inefficient (high idle time) Constant data rate 8

9. Packet-Switching Data transmitted in short blocks, or packets Packet length < 1000 octets Each packet contains user data plus control info (routing) Store and forward 9

10. Advantages with compared to Circuit- Switching Greater line efficiency (many packets can go over shared link) Data rate conversions Non-blocking under heavy traffic (but increased delays). When traffic becomes heavy on a circuit-switching network, some calls are blocked. Priorities can be used. 10

11. Disadvantages relative to Circuit- Switching Packets incur additional delay with every node they pass through Jitter: variation in packet delay Data overhead in every packet for routing information, etc Processing overhead for every packet at every node traversed 11

12. Switching Technique Large messages broken up into smaller packets Datagram Each packet sent independently of the others No call setup More reliable (can route around failed nodes or congestion) Virtual circuit Fixed route established before any packets sent No need for routing decision for each packet at each node 12

13. Frame Relay Virtual Circuits provides connection-oriented data link layer communication a logical connection between two data terminal equipment across a Frame Relay packet-switched network provide a bi-directional communications path from one DTE device to another

14. Frame Relay Virtual Circuits Switched virtual circuits (SVCs) temporary connections requires sporadic data transfer between DTE devices across the Frame Relay network Call Setup Data Transfer Idle Call Termination

15. Frame Relay Virtual Circuits Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) used for frequent and consistent data transfers between DTE devices across the Frame Relay network Data Transfer Idle

16. Congestion Control Mechanism Forward-explicit congestion notification (FECN) Backward-explicit congestion notification (BECN)

17. Forward-explicit congestion notification (FECN) initiated when a DTE device sends Frame Relay frames into the network When the frames reach the destination DTE device, the frame experienced congestion in the path from source to destination flow-control may be initiated, or the indication may be ignored

18. Backward-explicit congestion notification (BECN) DCE devices set the value of the BECN bit to 1 in frames traveling in the opposite direction, informs the receiving DTE device that a particular path through the network is congested flow-control may be initiated, or the indication may be ignored

19. Frame Relay Discard Eligibility (DE) (DE) bit is used to indicate that a frame has lower importance than other frames When the network becomes congested, DCE devices will discard frames with the DE bit

20. Frame Relay Error Checking common error-checking mechanism known as the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) CRC compares two calculated values to determine whether errors occurred during the transmission

21. Frame Relay Network Implementation consists of a number of DTE devices connected to remote ports on multiplexer equipment via traditional point-to-point services

22. Public Carrier-Provided Networks Frame Relay switching equipment is located in the central offices of a telecommunications carrier The DCE equipment also is owned by the telecommunications provider The majority of today’s Frame Relay networks are public carrier- provided networks

23. Private Enterprise Networks the administration and maintenance of the network are the responsibilities of the enterprise All the equipment, including the switching equipment, is owned by the customer

24. Frame Relay Frames Figure 3 Frame Relay Frame

25. Frame Relay Frames Flags indicate the beginning and end of the frame Three primary components make up the Frame Relay frame the header and address area the user-data portion the frame-check sequence (FCS)

26. Frame Relay Frames The address area (2 bytes) 10 bits represents the actual circuit identifier 6 bits of fields related to congestion management

27. Frame Relay Frame Formats Standard Frame Relay Frame LMI Frame Format

28. Standard Frame Relay Frame Flags Delimits the beginning and end of the frame The value of this field is always the same (7E or 01111110)

29. Standard Frame Relay Frame Address – contains the following information DLCI: The 10-bit DLCI is the essence of the Frame Relay header, values have local significance only, devices at opposite ends can use different DLCI values for the same virtual connection

30. Standard Frame Relay Frame Address Extended Address (EA): used to indicate whether the byte in which the EA value is 1 is the last addressing field, the eighth bit of each byte of the Address field is used to indicate the EA

31. Standard Frame Relay Frame Address Congestion Control: consists of the three bits; FECN, BECN, and DE bits

32. Standard Frame Relay Frame Data – Contains encapsulated upper-layer data serves to transport the higher-layer protocol packet (PDU) through a Frame Relay network

33. Standard Frame Relay Frame Frame Check Sequence Ensures the integrity of transmitted data

34. LMI Frame Format Figure 4 Nine fields comprise the Frame Relay that conforms to the LMI format

35. LMI Frame Format Flag - Delimits the beginning and end of the frame LMI DLCI - Identifies the frame as an LMI frame instead of a basic Frame Relay frame Unnumbered Information Indicator - Sets the poll/final bit to zero

36. LMI Frame Format Protocol Discriminator - Always contains a value indicating that the frame is an LMI frame Call Reference - Always contains zeros. This field currently is not used for any purpose Message Type Status-inquiry message: Allows a user device to inquire about the status of the network Status message: Responds to status-inquiry messages. Status messages include keep-alives and PVC status messages

37. LMI Frame Format Information Elements—Contains a variable number of individual information elements (IEs) IE Identifier: Uniquely identifies the IE IE Length: Indicates the length of the IE Data: Consists of one or more bytes containing encapsulated upper-layer data Frame Check Sequence (FCS) - Ensures the integrity of transmitted data

38. Frame Relay Inverse ARP and LMI Operation (cont.) Hello, I am 172.168.5.7. 4 5 Frame Relay Map 172.168.5.5 DLCI 400 Active Frame Relay Cloud DLCI=100 DLCI=400 Frame Relay Map 172.168.5.7 DLCI 100 Active 5 172.168.5.5 172.168.5.7