1. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance Optimum Consumption and Portfolio Rules in a Continuous-Time Model Yuna Rhee Seyong Park Robert C. Merton (1971) [Journal of Economic Theory]

2. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 2 I.Optimal Portfolio and Consumption Rules II.Explicit Solutions For A Particular Class of Utility Functions III.The effects on the consumption and portfolio rules of alternative asset price dynamics Contents

3. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 3 Contents I. Optimal Portfolio and Consumption rules 1.Procedures of solving the optimal equation 2.Optimal Equation & PDE 3.First order conditions of the PDE 4.Optimal Portfolio and Consumption rules expressed by

4. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 4 01. Procedures I. Optimal Portfolio and Consumption rules Construct the optimal equation Derive the partial differential equation First Order Conditions of the PDE Optimal portfolio and consumption rules expressed by and

5. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 5 02. Optimal Equation & PDE I. Optimal Portfolio and Consumption rules  The problem of choosing the optimal portfolio and consumption rules,  The dynamic programming equation is  Define L  Then the partial differential equation becomes,

6. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 6  By the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation (I), In other words, where is the optimal consumption and is the optimal weight.  In this paper, Theorem I is the HJB equation (I).  The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation (I) is written on the Stochastic Differential Equations by Bernt Øksendal. 02. Optimal Equation & PDE I. Optimal Portfolio and Consumption rules

7. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 7 03. First Order Conditions of the PDE I. Optimal Portfolio and Consumption rules  Define the lagrangian  Then first order conditions for maximum are  The sufficient conditions for interior maximum

8. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 8  Optimal Consumption rules expressed by,  Optimal Portfolio rules expressed by,  If the nth asset is risk free, 04., expressed by and I. Optimal Portfolio and Consumption rules

9. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 9 Contents II. Explicit Solutions for A Particular Class of Utility Functions 1.Procedures of the solving the optimal equation 2.HARA (Hyperbolic Absolute Risk-Aversion) 3.CRRA (Constant Relative Risk-Aversion) 4.CARA (Constant Absolute Risk-Aversion)

10. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 10 01. Procedures II. Explicit Solutions Substitute, expressed by and into the PDE Solve the PDE for Substitute into the optimal consumption and weight

11. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 11 02. HARA (Hyperbolic Absolute Risk-Aversion) II. Explicit Solutions  HARA family: Hyperbolic Absolute Risk Aversion.  Optimal Portfolio and Consumption rules expressed by

12. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 12 02. HARA (Hyperbolic Absolute Risk-Aversion) II. Explicit Solutions  PDE for  Guess the solution to the PDE for  Then we can get the solution to the above PDE

13. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 13 02. HARA (Hyperbolic Absolute Risk-Aversion) II. Explicit Solutions  The optimal portfolio and consumption rules

14. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 14 03. CRRA (Constant Relative Risk-Aversion) II. Explicit Solutions  CRRA family: Constant Relative Risk Aversion.  Optimal Portfolio and Consumption rules expressed by

15. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 15 03. CRRA (Constant Relative Risk-Aversion) II. Explicit Solutions  PDE for  Guess the solution to the PDE for  Then we can get the solution to the above PDE

16. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 16 03. CRRA (Constant Relative Risk-Aversion) II. Explicit Solutions  The optimal portfolio and consumption rules  In this, the consumption is a constant proportion of wealth and the optimal portfolio rules is a constant independent of W or t.

17. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 17 04. CARA (Constant Absolute Risk-Aversion) II. Explicit Solutions  CARA family: Constant Absolute Risk Aversion.  Optimal Portfolio and Consumption rules expressed by

18. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 18 04. CARA (Constant Absolute Risk-Aversion) II. Explicit Solutions  PDE for  Guess the solution to the PDE for  Then we can get the solution to the above PDE

19. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 19 04. CARA (Constant Absolute Risk-Aversion) II. Explicit Solutions  The optimal portfolio and consumption rules  In this unlike the CRRA case, that consumption is no longer a constant proportion of wealth although it is still linear in wealth.  Instead of the proportion of wealth invested in the risky asset being constant (i.e., a constant), the total dollar value of wealth invested in the risky asset is kept constant (i.e., a constant).  As one becomes wealthier, the proportion of his wealth invested in the risky asset falls, and asymptotically, as W goes to infinity, one invests all his wealth in the certain asset and consumes all his (certain) income.

20. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 20 Contents III. The effects of alternative asset price dynamics 1.Noncapital Gains Income: Wages (Constant Case) 2.Poisson processes (Case1, Case2, Case3) 3.Alternative Price Expectations to the Geometric Brownian Motion (Case1, Case2, Case3)

21. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 21 01. Noncapital Gains Income: Wages III. Alternative dynamics  In the previous sections, it was assumed that all income was generated by capital gains. If a (certain) wage income flow (constant case) in introduced, then the optimal consumption and portfolio rules are as the follwoing  Comparing these results with the HARA case’s one, we finds that the individual capitalizes the lifetime flow of wage income at the market (risk-free) rate of interest and then treats the capitalized value as an addition to the current stock of wealth.

22. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 22 02. Poisson Processes(Case1) III. Alternative dynamics  Consider first the two-asset case. Assume that one asset is a common stock whose price is log-normally distributed and that the other asset is a “risky” bond which pays an instantaneous rate of interest r when not in default but, in the event of default, the price of the bond becomes zero.  The optimality equation can be written as  First order conditions with respect to and are  Consider the particular case when, in other words the CRRA case.

23. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 23 02. Poisson Processes(Case1) III. Alternative dynamics  Then the optimal portfolio and consumption rules are where  As might be expected, the demand for the common stock is an increasing function of.

24. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 24 02. Poisson Processes(Case2) III. Alternative dynamics  Consider an individual who receives a wage,, which is incremented by a constant amount at random points in time. In other words,. Suppose further that the individual’s utility function is of the form and that his time horizon is infinite (i.e., ).  For the two-asset case, the optimality equation can be written as  Consider the particular case when, in other words the CARA case.

25. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 25 02. Poisson Processes(Case2) III. Alternative dynamics  Then the optimal portfolio and consumption rules are  In this, is the general wealth term, equal to the sum of present wealth and capitalized future wage earnings.  If, then the above optimal consumption is same as the result of previous constant wage case.

26. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 26 02. Poisson Processes(Case2) III. Alternative dynamics  When, is the capitalized value of (expected) future increments to the wage rate, capitalized at a some what higher rate than the risk-free market rate reflecting the risk-aversion of the individual.  The individual, in computing the present value of future earnings, determines the Certainty- equivalent flow and the capitalizes this flow at the (certain) market rate of interest.

27. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 27 02. Poisson Processes(Case3) III. Alternative dynamics  Consider an individual whose age of death is a random variable. Further assume that the event of death at each instant of time is an independent Poisson process with parameter. Then, the age of death,, is the first time that the event (of death) occurs and is an exponentially distributed random variable with parameter.  The optimality criterion is to  The associated optimality equation is

28. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 28 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case1) III. Alternative dynamics  First case is the “asymptotic ‘normal’ price-level” hypothesis which assumes that there exists a “normal” price function,, such that i.e., independent of the current level of the asset price, the investor expects the “long-run” price to approach the normal price.  A particular example which satisfies the hypothesis is that and where  This implies an exponentially-regressive price adjustment toward a normal price, adjusted for trend.

29. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 29 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case1) III. Alternative dynamics  Let. Then by Ito’s Lemma, we can write the dynamics for Y as where. This process is called Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process.  The Y is a normally-distributed random variable generated by a Markov process which is not stationary and does not have independent increments. And from the definition of, is log-normal and Markov.  The, conditional on knowing, as where.  The instantaneous conditional variance of is

30. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 30 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case1) III. Alternative dynamics  The conditional expected price can be derived  Consider the two-asset model is used with the individual having an infinite time horizon and a constant absolute risk-aversion utility function,.  The fundamental optimality equation then is written as

31. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 31 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case1) III. Alternative dynamics  From the FOC, the associated equations for the optimal rules expressed by  After solving the previous PDE for, we obtain the optimal rules in explicit form as

32. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 32 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case1) III. Alternative dynamics  Recall the optimal rules when the geometric Brownian motion hypothesis is assumed  We find that the proportion of wealth invested in the risky asset is always larger under the “normal price” hypothesis than under the geometric Brownian motion hypothesis.  Even if, unlike in the geometric Brownian motion case, a positive amount of the risky asset is held.

33. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 33 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case2) III. Alternative dynamics  Second case is the same type of price-dynamics equation as was assumed for the geometric Brownian motion, namely,  However, instead of the instantaneous expected rate of return being a constant, it is assumed that is itself generated by the stochastic differential equation,  The first term implies a long-run, regressive adjustment of the expected rate of return toward a “normal” rate of return,, where is the speed of adjustment.  The second term implies a short-run, extrapolative adjustment of the expected rate of return of the “error-learning” type, where is the speed of adjustment.  This assumption is called the “De Leeuw” hypothesis.

34. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 34 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case2) III. Alternative dynamics  The conditional on knowing is where.  Then, the conditional mean and variance of are and  Thus, the conditional on knowing and,

35. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 35 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case2) III. Alternative dynamics  Therefore, the conditional mean and variance of are and

36. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 36 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case2) III. Alternative dynamics  Again, the two-asset model is used with the individual having an infinite time horizon and a constant absolute risk-aversion utility function,.  The fundamental optimality equation is written as  From the FOC, the associated equations for the optimal rules expressed by

37. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 37 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case2) III. Alternative dynamics  After solving the previous PDE for, we obtain the optimal rules in explicit form as  Assuming, compare this with the Brownian motion case, then we find that under the De Leeuw hypothesis, the individual will hold a smaller amount of the risky asset than under the geometric Brownian motion hypothesis.  Note that is a decreasing function of the long-run normal rate of return. This is because as increases for a given, the probability increases that future “ s” will be more favorable relative to the current, and so there is a tendency to hold more of one’s current wealth in the risk-free asset as a “reserve” for investment under more favorable conditions.

38. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 38 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case3) III. Alternative dynamics  Last case assumed that prices satisfy the geometric Brownian motion,  However, it is also assumed that the investor does not know the true value of the parameter,, but must estimate it from past data.  Suppose the investor has price data back to time. Then, the best estimator for,,  Then, and if we define the error term, then can be re- written as where  By differentiating, we have the dynamics for,

39. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 39 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case3) III. Alternative dynamics  By differentiating, we have the dynamics for,  We see that this “learning” model is equivalent to the special case of the De Leeuw hypothesis of pure extrapolation (i.e., ), where the degree of extrapolation is decreasing over time.  If the two-asset model is assumed with an investor who lives to time T with a constant absolute risk-aversion utility function, and if (for computational simplicity) the risk-free asset is money (i.e., ), then the optimal portfolio rule and the optimal consumption rule is

40. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 40 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case3) III. Alternative dynamics  By differentiating with respect to, we find that is an increasing function of time for, reached a maximum at, and then is a decreasing function of time for, where is defined by  In early life, the investor learns more about the price equation with each observation, hence investment in the risky asset becomes more attractive.  But as he approaches the end of life, he is generally liquidating his portfolio to consume a larger fraction of wealth.  Consider the effect on of increasing the number of available previous observations (i.e. increase ). As expected, the dollar amount invested in the risky asset increases monotonically.  Taking the limit a, we have that the optimal portfolio rule is

41. MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance 41 03. Alternative price dynamics(Case3) III. Alternative dynamics  Consider the effect on of increasing the number of available previous observations (i.e. increase ). As expected, the dollar amount invested in the risky asset increases monotonically.  Taking the limit a, we have that the optimal portfolio rule is which is the optimal rule for the geometric Brownian motion case when is known with certainty.

42. Questions & Comments MEIE811D Advanced Topics in Finance