1. Relational Database Systems Higher Information Systems

2. The Relational Model data is grouped into entities which are related, in order to minimise data duplication and achieve data integrity many-to-many relationships between entities are removed and replaced with one-to-many relationships

3. Entity-Occurrence Modelling

4. Lines indicate how the instances of each entity are linked E.g. Member 1034 has rented DVDs 002 and 015 DVD 003 has been rented by members 1012 1056

5. Entity-Occurrence Modelling Each DVD can be rented by many Members Each Member can rent many DVDs So there is a many-to-many relationship between Member and DVD

6. Entity-Occurrence Modelling This method is only as good as the available data Make up dummy data if necessary to fill in the gaps

7. More about keys An atomic key consists of one attribute MEMBER(Member Number, Name, Telephone Number) A compound key consists of two or more attributes MEMBER(Member Number, Name, Telephone Number) A surrogate key is a made up attribute designed to identify a record Member Number is a surrogate key

8. Choosing a key An atomic key is better than a compound key A numeric attribute is better than a text attribute KISS = Keep It Short and Simple A key must have a valueit cannot be blank (or null) A key should not change over time

9. The flat file revisited… DVD CodeTitleCostDate OutDate Due Member NumberName Telephone Number 002Finding Nemo£2.5003/09/0404/09/041034John Silver142536 003American Pie£2.5027/08/0428/08/041056Fred Flintstone817263 003American Pie£2.5001/09/0402/09/041012Isobel Ringer293847 008The Pianist£2.5004/09/0406/09/041097Annette Kirton384756 What is a suitable key? DVD Code? Member Number? (DVD Code, Member Number)?

10. Update Anomalies DVD CodeTitleCostDate OutDate Due Member NumberName Telephone Number 002Finding Nemo£2.5003/09/0404/09/041034John Silver142536 003American Pie£2.5027/08/0428/08/041056Fred Flintstone817263 003American Pie£2.5001/09/0402/09/041012Isobel Ringer293847 008The Pianist£2.5004/09/0406/09/041097Annette Kirton384756 There is no way of storing the details of a member who hasnt rented any DVDs A value must be provided for both DVD Code and Member Number for the key This is called an insertion anomaly

11. Update Anomalies DVD CodeTitleCostDate OutDate Due Member NumberName Telephone Number 002Finding Nemo£2.5003/09/0404/09/041034John Silver142536 003American Pie£2.5027/08/0428/08/041056Fred Flintstone817263 003American Pie£2.5001/09/0402/09/041012Isobel Ringer293847 008The Pianist£2.5004/09/0406/09/041097Annette Kirton384756 If a members details have to be amended, this must be done in each record with those details This can lead to data inconsistency if there is an error or omission in making the change This is called a modification anomaly

12. Update Anomalies DVD CodeTitleCostDate OutDate Due Member NumberName Telephone Number 002Finding Nemo£2.5003/09/0404/09/041034John Silver142536 003American Pie£2.5027/08/0428/08/041056Fred Flintstone817263 003American Pie£2.5001/09/0402/09/041012Isobel Ringer293847 008The Pianist£2.5004/09/0406/09/041097Annette Kirton384756 If a DVD is removed from the database, then it may also remove the only record of a members details This is called a deletion anomaly

13. Update Anomalies Insertion anomalies Modification anomalies Deletion anomalies These are characteristics of poorly designed databases The solution is to use a relational database We use normalisation to help work out what tables are required and which data items should be stored in each table

14. Normalisation

15. Un-normalised Form (UNF) Identify an entity List all the attributes Identify a key ORDER(Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number Item Code Description Unit Cost Quantity)

16. Un-normalised Form (UNF) Identify repeating data items

17. Un-normalised Form (UNF) Identify repeating data items ORDER(Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number Repeating items Item Code Description Unit Cost Quantity)

18. First Normal Form (1NF) Remove repeating data items to form a new entity Take the key with you! ORDER(Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number Repeating items Item Code Description Unit Cost Quantity)

19. First Normal Form (1NF) Remove repeating data items to form a new entity Take the key with you! ORDER ORDER_ITEM (Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (Order Number Item Code Description Unit Cost Quantity)

20. First Normal Form (1NF) Identify a key for the new entity It will be a compound key Use the original key and add to it ORDER ORDER_ITEM (Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (Order Number Item Code Description Unit Cost Quantity)

21. First Normal Form (1NF) Identify a key for the new entity It will be a compound key Use the original key and add to it Label the foreign key Order Number is both part of the compound primary key and also a foreign key. ORDER ORDER_ITEM (Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number Item Code Description Unit Cost Quantity)

22. First Normal Form (1NF) A data model is in 1NF if it has no multi-valued attributes ORDER ORDER_ITEM (Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number Item Code Description Unit Cost Quantity)

23. First Normal Form (1NF)

24. But what if there were lots of orders for large deluxe red widgets…? There are still update anomalies

25. Second Normal Form (2NF) Examine any entity with a compound key (in this case ORDER_ITEM) See if any attributes are dependent on just one part of the compound key These are called partial dependencies ORDER ORDER_ITEM (Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number Item Code Description Unit Cost Quantity)

26. Second Normal Form (2NF) Order Number is part of the key Item Code is part of the key Description is dependent on the Item Code Unit Cost is dependent on the Item Code Quantity is dependent on both Order Number and Item Code. ORDER ORDER_ITEM (Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number Item Code Description Unit Cost Quantity)

27. Second Normal Form (2NF) Description and Unit Cost are partial dependencies They are dependent on Item Code Remove these attributes to a new entity Take a copy of the attribute they are dependent on ORDER ORDER_ITEM (Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number Item Code Description Unit Cost Quantity)

28. Second Normal Form (2NF) Item Code becomes the key of the new entity And becomes a foreign key in ORDER-ITEM ORDER ORDER_ITEM ITEM (Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number *Item Code Quantity) (Item Code Description Unit Cost)

29. Second Normal Form (2NF) A data model is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and there are no partial dependencies ORDER ORDER_ITEM ITEM (Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number *Item Code Quantity) (Item Code Description Unit Cost)

30. Second Normal Form (2NF) We can add an item to the Item table without it having to be on an order We can delete an order in the Order table without deleting details of the items on the order We can update item details once in the Item table without affecting the orders for that item in the Order-Item table

31. Second Normal Form (2NF) But there are still update anomalies with the Order entity ORDER(Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number)

32. Third Normal Form (3NF) Examine all the entities produced so far See if there are any non-key attributes which are dependent on any other non-key attributes These are called non- key dependencies ORDER ORDER_ITEM ITEM (Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number *Item Code Quantity) (Item Code Description Unit Cost)

33. Third Normal Form (3NF) In the ORDER entity, Customer Name, Address, Post Code and Telephone Number are all dependent on Customer Number ORDER ORDER_ITEM ITEM (Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number *Item Code Quantity) (Item Code Description Unit Cost)

34. Third Normal Form (3NF) Remove these attributes to a new entity ORDER ORDER_ITEM ITEM (Order Number Order Date Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number *Item Code Quantity) (Item Code Description Unit Cost)

35. Third Normal Form (3NF) Remove these attributes to a new entity Customer Number is the key of the new entity Leave Customer Number behind as a foreign key ORDER CUSTOMER ORDER_ITEM ITEM (Order Number Order Date *Customer Number) (Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number *Item Code Quantity) (Item Code Description Unit Cost)

36. Third Normal Form (3NF) A data model is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and there are no non-key dependencies ORDER CUSTOMER ORDER_ITEM ITEM (Order Number Order Date *Customer Number) (Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number *Item Code Quantity) (Item Code Description Unit Cost)

37. Third Normal Form (3NF) We can add a customer to the Customer table without the customer having to place an order We can delete an order in the Order table without deleting details of the customer who placed the order We can update a customers details once in the Customer table without affecting the orders placed by that customer in the Order table

38. Memory Aid In 3NF, each attribute is dependent on the key the whole key and nothing but the key

39. Entity-Relationship Diagram ORDER CUSTOMER ORDER_ITEM ITEM (Order Number Order Date *Customer Number) (Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number *Item Code Quantity) (Item Code Description Unit Cost)

40. Entity-Relationship Diagram ORDER CUSTOMER ORDER_ITEM ITEM (Order Number Order Date *Customer Number) (Customer Number Customer Name Address Post Code Telephone Number) (*Order Number *Item Code Quantity) (Item Code Description Unit Cost) The foreign key is always at the many end of the relationship

41. Source documents

42. List all the attributes which must be stored in the database DVD_RENTAL(Member Number Title Forename Surname Telephone No DVD Code Title Cost Date Hired Date Due Member)

43. Source documents List all the attributes which must be stored in the database Identify a key DVD_RENTAL(Member Number Title Forename Surname Telephone No DVD Code Title Cost Date Hired Date Due Member)

44. Source documents There are two attributes called Title DVD_RENTAL(Member Number Title Forename Surname Telephone No DVD Code Title Cost Date Hired Date Due Member)

45. Source documents There are two attributes called Title Member Number is the same as Member DVD_RENTAL(Member Number Title Forename Surname Telephone No DVD Code Title Cost Date Hired Date Due Member)

46. Source documents There are two attributes called Title Member Number is the same as Member Number or No? DVD_RENTAL(Member Number Title Forename Surname Telephone No DVD Code Title Cost Date Hired Date Due Member)

47. Source documents Tidy up UNF Carry on as before to 3NF DVD_RENTAL(Member Number Title Forename Surname Telephone Number DVD Code DVD Title Cost Date Hired Date Due)

48. Database Design For each attribute you must decide its name its data type its properties

49. Database Design For each attribute you must decide its name Choose sensible and meaningful field names Be consistent! e.g. Number/Num/No/#

50. Database Design For each attribute you must decide its name its data type text (alphanumeric, string) numeric (integer, real, currency) date or time Boolean (yes or no) link object (e.g. picture, sound, file)

51. Data Types Text Smith John Smith Alphanumeric IV99 9ZZ 01234 567890 10 Downing Street 10 Free text: The cat sat on the mat, etc…

52. Data Types Numeric Integer: 3, 1246, 0, -5 Real/floating point: 3.14, 1246.0, 0, -5.2 Currency: 3.14, 1246.00, 0.00, -5.20 Note that the currency symbol is not stored

53. Data Types Date Short date: 1/1/2006 Long date: 29 February 2004 Medium date: 29 Feb 2004 dd/mm/yyyy indicates format Watch out for US dates: mm/dd/yyyy

54. Database Design Names are usually stored as 3 or 4 fields Title (Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms) Forename Initials/Other Names Surname

55. Database Design Addresses are usually stored as 3 or 4 fields Address1 (Street Address) Address2 (Town) Address3 (District) Post Code Sometimes the house number is stored separately from the Street Name

56. Database Design Telephone Numbers are always text Numbers are usually text if they are not used in calculations, e.g. House Number Other numbers are also stored as text ISBNs Vehicle Registration numbers Use integers for whole numbers

57. Database Design For each attribute you must decide its name its data type its properties Primary key/foreign key PK/FK Validation (presence, range, restricted choice) Default value Format

58. Database Design For each attribute you must decide its name its data type its properties Store this information in a Data Dictionary

59. Data Dictionary