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Early Zionism and Arab-Jewish Relations in 20 th C Palestine IAFS/JWST 3650
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Outline Development of Zionism Zionist Settlers in Holy Land Arab-Jewish Relations in 1880s & 1890s
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Multiperspectivity A single viewpoint is limiting Seeing via other viewpoints is where the most learning happens
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“Landmines” Ideas/phrases/e vents that make discussion go BOOM Acknowledge, inspect, defuse landmines
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The Development of Zionism Herzl’s focus on external support Debate over location of Jewish home: – Palestine? – Northern Sinai? – Argentina? – Cyprus? – Uganda? – Southern Sinai?
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Basel Declaration (1897)
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Zionist Break with Traditional Judaism Trad. Judaism: Jewish exile ordained by God, so Jewish return could only result from God’ redemption Modern Zionism: worked actively in mainly secular fashion to establish independent Jewish existence in Palestine
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Herzl’s Methods Plan to purchase land and organize settlers Rhodesia as a model
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First Wave of Zionist Settlers 1882: first Zionist settlers landed at Jaffa =first aliyah (going up to Eretz Israel) 1903: 20 villages, 90,000 acres of land ~5000 Jews settled in agricultural areas
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First Wave of Zionist Settlers ~5000 Jews settled in cities 1890: Jews a majority in Jerusalem
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First Wave of Zionist Settlers Inexperienced settlers faced failing farms Bailed out by wealthy European Jewish philanthropists Employed Arab workers, treated them poorly
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Late 1890s Zionist settlement progressing Diplomatic efforts unsuccessful Internal criticism (e.g. Achad Ha’am)
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1901: Purpose was land purchases 1908: Palestine Land Development Co. JNF Blue Box (1920) Jewish National Fund
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JNF Blue Box (1947)
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Second Wave of Zionist Settlers 1904: many BILU settlers – Socialist convictions – Focus on settling the land
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Second Wave of Zionist Settlers Tel Aviv established 1909: first kibbutz (collective settlement) 1921: first moshav (cooperative village)
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Sources of Conflict Historical Trends Land Labor Arms
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Sources of Conflict: Historical Trends Arab desire to keep region’s character Arab desire to maintain position as rightful inhabitants Zionist effort to radically change Palestine via land purchase and settlement
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Sources of Conflict: Land 1882 settler: we must “conquer the country covertly, bit by bit” 1882 settler: “The ultimate goal... is to take over the Land of Israel... Arms in hand (if need be).”
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Sources of Conflict: Labour Internal Zionist debate – Hire Arab workers (since settlers were weak and lacked experience)? – Rely on “Hebrew Labor,” with separate Arab and Jewish economies?
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Sources of Conflict: Armed Guards 1908: HaShomer established Small, semi-clandestine armed organization Won contracts to guard some settlements
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Arab-Jewish Relations Morris: “normal” colonial relations (exploitation, stereotypes, fear, contempt) Jewish effort to erase stereotype as weak “Muscular Judaism” (Max Nordau, 1898)
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Clashes 1880s-1890s: raids, revenge attacks, land disputes After initial disputes settled, daily hostility decreased But deep and lasting resentments remained
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Conclusions Growing sense of Palestine as coherent entity Disagreements within Zionism (e.g. location) Arab-Jewish tension developed in 1880s and 1890s Tension sometimes led to violence
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