1. A New South?: The South, 1877-1900

2. North vs. South in 1861 Wealth: 25% Farmland: 25% Railroad Milage: 29% Factory Production: 9% Population: 29%

3. The South in 1877 Run by Pre-Civil War Elites and Veterans of the Civil War Not Fully Segregated Cotton Dependent Poor

4. The New South: Henry Grady 1886: Henry Grady Calls for a New South

5. Fuel for Industrializing Southern Pride Southern Poverty Provides Labor Inefficiency of Sharecropping

6. Industrialization: 1877-1900 Steel Mills—Birmingham, Alabama Textiles—The Carolinas Tobacco and Soft Drinks –Cigarettes: James Duke –Coca-Cola – Dr. John Pemberton –Dr. Pepper – Charles Alderton –Pepsi – Caleb Bradham Railroads—Double from 1880 to 1890

7. Dr. John Pemberton, Inventor of Coca-Cola

8. Problems Limited Growth: 1860-1900 -.2% Per Capita Income: –1860: 72% of National Average –1880: 52% –1920: 62% Wages are low; Southerners can't buy much to support Southern industry Low Education Spending = lack of skilled workers Capital Problems – Businesses can't get money to grow

9. Growth of Southern Cities Centers of Industry and Commerce Better Transportation = More connected to outside Alienation from the countryside –Country thinks cities are SINFUL –City folk think country folk are in-bred yokels

10. The Cotton Trap There is always a market for cotton But cotton keeps getting less valuable, so you end up in debt Creditors only accept cotton as payment! A vicious circle

11. Southern Agrarian Revolt Lower Interest Credit Lower Rail Shipping Rates Lower Food Prices Lower Necessity Prices Higher Crop Prices

12. Organized Protest The Grange: Farmer Social Clubs → Protest The Southern Farmer’s Alliance –Political Protest + Social Help + Christianity –Whites only! The Colored Farmer’s Alliance –Farmer's alliance for Blacks only! After 1890, Farm Prices Plummet –Farmer's Alliances collapse

13. Charles Macune, Leader of the Farmer’s Alliances Doctor, Journalist, Farmer Strong supporter of farm co-operatives Proposed 'Subtreasury system' of government warehouses and loans based on crops deposited there

14. Women in the New South Southerners restricted women even more than the North Urban Middle Class Women still had too much time on their hands Church Work Women’s Christian Temperance Union Memorials: United Daughters of the Confederacy (1894) Women’s Clubs: Social → Protest

15. 1877-1890: An Uncertain System A New Black Generation Challenged Discrimination Increasingly poor whites respond with violence Lynchmobs –1892: 235 Lynchings –1882-1903: Almost 2000 lynchings –Grew out of confrontations in business and politics

16. Segregation Rising in South, Declining in North Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896, 7-1) –“separate but equal”: Allows discrimination by race if facilities are “equal” –Only Justice Harlan dissents

17. Consequences of Plessy vs. Ferguson Massive discrimination ensues: “Jim Crow” laws Voting Disenfranchisement –Poll Taxes –Literacy Tests –Knowledge Tests –Many whites exempted by 'Grandfather' clauses Racism is rampant

18. Black Responses Many blacks move to cities to create their own private communities Fraternal Orders pooled resources –North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company (1898) Black Education: –60-70% of Urban kids in school –81 Black Universities by 1899 Black Women pushed to build community; less likely to be lynched.

19. Booker T. Washington

20. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) Emphasized self-improvement, education, industry, and the Black community making itself wealthier But he also counseled avoiding head-on confrontation with whites –Atlanta Compromise: Blacks promise to stay out of politics and Whites will leave them be to be productive in their home communities. Some Blacks see this as selling out!

21. A Tuskegee Classroom

22. The Tuskeegee Institute Founded on the Hampton model in 1881 Emphasis on Teacher Instruction and Practical (Craft) Education Co-Educational

23. George Washington Carver (1864- 1943) Director of Agricultural Research Urged crop rotation Urged new crops: soybeans, sweet potatoes, peanuts