1. Church Reform and the Crusades
Chapter 14 Section 1

2. I Monastic Revival and Church Reform
1000s saw a religious revival across Europe returning to the principles of Christianity

3. A. Problems in the Church
3 main problems that troubled reformers…
Pritest marrying and having families (against church teachins)
Simony= practice of selling church positions
Lay appointees put kings in control of church bishops
Only church should appoint bishops

4. B. Reform Begins at Cluny
Benedictine mpnastaru in Cluny France strictly follows Benedictine rules
Other followed their examples
Cisterian monks founded and futhered reform
Reform movement that began in Cluny influenced papacy
Pope Leo IX enforces church laws against simony & marriage

5. C. Reform and Church Organizations
In 1100s church reconstructed to resemble a kingdom w/ pope at the head
Papal Curia= popes group of advisors which doubled as ct.
Church collects tithes
Provides social services like hospitals

6. D. Preaching Friars
Friars traveled around Europe spreading the churches idea
Same vows as monks but did not live sep. from civ.
Dominicans one of earliest orders founded who emphasize studymany scholars
Franciscans foudned by St. Francis of Assisi
Son of wealthy merchant gives up posessions to preach

7. E. Religious Orders for Women
Women also participated in spiritual revival
Unlike men they could not travel as preachers but did take same vows

8. II Cathedrals-Cities of God
Although friars lived in poverty, the church’s wealth could be seen in cathedrals around Europe

9. A. A New Style of Church Architecture
churches built in Romanesque style
Round arched & heavy roof held up by think walls & pillars w/ small windows
Early 1100s a new style of architecture known as Gothic developed
Thrust upwards as if reaching for the heavens w/ light streaming through stained glass windows

10. II The Crusades Age of Faith inspired wars of conquest
Byzantine emperor asks for help in defeating Muslim Turks who were threatening to take over Constantinople
Pop Urban calls for a crusade= “Holy War”
Goal of Crusades was to recover Jerusalem & Holy Land

11. A. Causes of the Crusading Spirit
Crusades has econ. Goal too
Many knights who participated were younger sons who did not inherit anything from their fathers
Peasants were fired up because according to Pope Urban those who died in crusade were assured place in heaven
Merchants also profited from making loans to finance Crusades
Hopes to gain control of key trade routes

12. B. First and Second Crusades
3 armies of knoghts assemble in Constantinople
Ill prepared (knew nothing of peog, culture, etc.)
Recaptured Jerusalem carve up small strip of land into 4 feudal kingdoms
Vulnerable to Turkish invasion--?Edessa reconqured by Turks
2nd Crusade to retake Edessadefeated and Jerusalem recaptured by Muslim leader Saladin

13. C. Third and Fourth Crusades
Led by 3 of Europes most powerful nobles
1 drowns, the other 2 get into argument and 1 of them goes homeRichard the Lionhearted left to reclaim Holy Land
Richard and Saladin reach truce in which Muslims keep control of land but Christian pilgrims could visit holy places freely
Pope Innocent begins 4th Crusade
Knights entangled in politicschurch I east (Constantinople) splits from church in west (Rome)

14. IV The Crusading Spirit Dwindles A. a Spanish Crusade
Musims in Spain (Moors) controlled much of country until 1100s
Reconquista= effort to drive out Muslims from Spain
Muslims that hold Grenada fall to Christian army of Ferdiand & Isabella

15. Spain has large pop. Of Jews & Muslims
Ferdinand use inquisition to unify their country under Christianity & consolidate their power
Inquisition= church tribunals to suppress heresy
Person suspected of heresy jailed, tortured, burned at stake
Expelled all practicing Jews & Muslims from Spain

16. C. The Effects of the Crusade
Failure of the later crusades minimize pope’s power & weakened feudal nobility
Intolerance & prejudice of Crusades left legacy of bitterness still present today
Feudal kingdoms collapseChristians & Muslims benefit from expansion of trade