2. Chapter 20:1 Notes Pages 590-597 Continuing Life

3. Reproduction How offspring are produced Species could not go on without reproduction Parents pass on heredity material DNA controls how offspring will look because the DNA controls what proteins each cell will produce

4. Life’s Code - DNA DNA is found inside chromosomes DNA is your individual blueprint DNA determines your hair color, ear shape, blood type, and EVERYTHING else about you! The basic shape is like a twisted ladder or zipper The ladder rungs contain pairs of bases There are 4 bases that pair up in different orders on the ladder

5. Cell Division Mitosis creates new cells due to aging, missing, or injured cells Interphase- Chromosomes are duplicated Prophase- The chromosomes are now visible through a microscope Metaphase- Chromosome pairs line up in the middle of a cell Anaphase- The pairs separate (apart) to opposite ends Telephase – the cell divides into 2 (two) daughter cells Interphase

6. Mitosis Mitosis is what occurs after meiosis has taken place. Once you have your full set of chromosomes, mitosis can begin. Some cells do not do much division to replace themselves (such as neurons, or nerve cells) However, many others have a high turnover, such as epidermal cells. If they did not, eventually your skin would wear out.

7. Asexual Reproduction (3 types) 1. Budding When a new individual grows on a another one. It will eventually break away. It has the exact DNA copy of the original EX- hydra, potato

8. 2. Regeneration Replace a body part (regenerate) due to an injury EX- starfish, chameleon

9. 3. Cloning Exact copy Initially, plants were cloned First successful cloned mammal was Dolly the Sheep in 1997

10. Sexual Reproduction An organism is produced from the DNA of 2 cells Sex cells join together The sex cells are the male sperm and the female egg

11. Human Reproduction- fertilization A female sex cell, egg, has 23 chromosomes A male sex cell, sperm, has 23 chromosomes They unite and create a new cell with 46 chromosomes This cell forms into a fully formed baby

12. Chromosomes There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human body. 23+23=46 46 TOTAL chromosomes

13. Meiosis Sex cells are created through meiosis Interphase- Chromosomes are duplicated Prophase- The chromosomes are now visible through a microscope Metaphase- Chromosome pairs line up in the middle of a cell Anaphase- The pairs separate (apart) to opposite ends Telephase – the cell divides into 2(two) daughter cells The process then REPEATS with the two daughter cells to form a total of 4 daughter cells

14. 3 Key Differences Between Meiosis and Mitosis A. Mitosis divides one nucleus into two; Meiosis divides one nucleus into four. B. Mitosis conserves chromosome number; Meiosis reduces it in half (usually from diploid [46 in humans] to haploid [23] ). C. Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter nuclei; Meiosis produces genetically different daughter nuclei.

15. Interphase

16. Sex Cells in Plants Male flower parts produce pollen, which contain sperm cells Female flower parts produce eggs When the sperm and egg join they create a cell which is protected in a SEED

17. Homework Page 597