1. Socialization and Development
Chapter 4
Socialization and Development

2. Socialization
Social interaction that teaches the child the intellectual, physical, and social skills needed to function as a member of society.
Each child slowly acquires a personality— the patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are distinctive for each individual.

3. Deprivation and Development
Human infants need more than just food and shelter if they are to function effectively as social creatures.
Children who aren’t provided physical, mental, or emotional stimulation often develop attachment disorder—they re unable to trust people and to form relationships with others.

4. Moral Development
Research suggests that not every person is capable of thinking about morality in the same way.
Just as our sense of self and our ability to think logically develop in stages, our moral thinking develops in a progression of steps as well.
Class experiment…..

5. Cooley’s: Looking-Glass Self
The process through which we develop a sense of self (Entirely a Social Product):
We imagine how our actions appear to others.
We imagine how other people judge these actions.
We make a self-judgment based on the presumed judgments of others.

6. Freud’s View of the Self
The self has three separately functioning parts:
id - the drives and instincts every human inherits, but which remain unconscious for the most part.
Superego - society’s norms and moral values as learned primarily from our parents.
ego - tries to mediate in the eternal conflict between the id and the superego, and to find socially acceptable ways for the id’s drives to be expressed.

7. Agents of Socialization
The Family
Primary means of socialization in most societies
Varies according to geography, subculture, class, religion, ethnicity and different lifestyles of parents

8. Agents of Socialization
The School
Early interaction with others
Building social and inter-personal skills
Early experience in institutional environments

9. Agents of Socialization
Peer Groups
Great influence in lifestyle issues
Social support
Social pressure to conform

10. The Mass Media
98.2% of all households in the U.S. have television sets, with an average of 2 sets per home.
Schoolchildren watch an average 2 1/2 hours of television on school days and 4 hours and 20 minutes on weekends.
By the time most people reach the age of 18, they will have spent more waking time watching television than doing anything else.

11. Deviant Behavior and Social Control

12. Normal and Deviant Behavior
Norms and values make up the moral code of a culture.
The moral code of a culture - The symbolic system in terms of which behavior takes on the quality of being “good” or “bad,” “right” or “wrong.”
Deviant behavior is behavior that fails to conform to the rules or norms of the group in question.

13. What is deviant behavior?

14. What is Deviant Behavior?
From the sociological perspective, deviance is seen as relative to the values of any given culture. However, there are certain acts that are almost universally accepted as being deviant.
Genocide
Parent-child incest

15. Functions of Deviance
Prompts the group to organize in order to limit future deviant acts.
Helps clarify for the group what it really does believe in.
Teaches normal behavior by providing examples of rule violation

16. Theories of Crime and Deviance
Biological Theories of Deviance
Psychological Theories of Deviance
Sociological Theories of Deviance

17. Biological Theories of Deviance
People are born criminals
Criminals are evolutionary throwbacks whose behavior is more apelike than human
Driven by their instincts to engage in deviant behavior
Believed that certain criminal types could be identified by their head size, facial characteristics and even hair color.

18. Psychological Theories of Deviance
Downplay biological factors and emphasize instead the role of parents and early childhood experiences, or behavioral conditioning, in producing deviant behavior.
Assume that the seeds of deviance are planted in childhood and that adult behavior is a manifestation of early experiences rather than an expression of ongoing social or cultural factors.

19. Behavioral Theories
People adjust and modify their behaviors in response to the rewards and punishments their actions elicit.
Something that leads to a favorable outcome, we are likely to repeat that action.

20. Strain Theory
Robert K. Merton (1938, 1969)
believed that American society pushes individuals toward deviance by overemphasizing the importance of monetary success while failing to emphasize the importance of using legitimate means to achieve that success.

21. The Importance of Law
What is the legal code?

22. Legal code
The formal rules, called laws, adopted by a society’s political authority.
The code is enforced through the use of formal negative sanctions when rules are broken.

24. Consensus approach
Assumes that laws are merely a formal version of the norms and values of the people.
Functionalist model for explaining a society’s legal system.

25. Conflict approach
Assumes that the elite use their power to enact and enforce laws that support their own economic interests and go against the interests of the lower classes

26. Crime in the United States
A Crime is behavior that violates a society’s legal code.
Violent crime
An unlawful event such as homicide, rape, and assault that may result in injury to a person.
Aggravated assault
Rape
Murder
Robbery

27. Property crime
An unlawful act that is committed with the intent of gaining property but that does not involve the use or threat of force against an individual.
Larceny
Burglary
Motor vehicle theft are examples of property crimes

28. Violent Crime
In addition to homicide and rape, other violent crimes such as aggravated assault and robbery have an effect on American households.

29. White-Collar Crime
Refers to the acts of individuals who, while occupying positions of social responsibility or high prestige, break the law in the course of their work for the purpose of illegal personal or organizational gain.

30. Victimless Crime
Acts that violate those laws meant to enforce the moral code.
Examples:
The use of narcotics
Illegal gambling
Public drunkenness
The sale of sexual services

31. Would you consider Prostitution
a victimless crime?

32. Question Punish people for crimes they committed.
From the following list, what do you feel should be the most important function of prison?
Punish people for crimes they committed.
Rehabilitate criminals.
Protect society by locking away criminals.
Warn to would-be lawbreakers.
Make people pay back society for crimes they committed.
Don't know

33. Goals of Imprisonment Prisons exist to accomplish at least four goals:
separate criminals from society
punish criminal behavior
deter criminal behavior
rehabilitate criminals

34. Women Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions, 1925–2004

35. Average Time Served for Various Types of Crime

36. U.S. Homicide Solution Rates

37. Percentage of Selected Crimes Reported to the Police

38. Likelihood That Someone Will Be Arrested for a Known Crime

39. Likelihood That Someone Will Be Sent to Prison for a Known Crime