1. Displays

2. 2 Functions of Dynamic Visual Displays Continuous System Control steering (vehicle control) tracking state variable  target value System Status Monitoring quantitative (state information) levels (quantities) rates qualitative (status)

3. 3 Functions of Dynamic Visual Displays (2) Briefing mission plans procedures Search and Identification surveillance Decision Making alternative identification, selection planning diagnosis extrapolation

4. 4 Visual Display Technology Mechanical (often electromechanical) fixed/moving pointer, moving/fixed scale counters (e.g., odometers) flags Electronic lights (incandescent, nixie tubes) light emitting diodes (LEDs) liquid crystal displays (LCDs) other flatpanel displays cathode ray tubes (CRTs)

5. 5 Visual Display Technology (2) Optical Projection projectors front projection back projection head-up displays (HUDs) head mounted displays (HMDs)

6. Visual Displays 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 12345 OIL FUEL Circular Analog Linear Analog Annunciators Counter 0 10 20 30 40 50

7. 7 General Display Principles Color Coding Approximation Integration

8. 8 Color Advantages aesthetic appeal (user-preferred) opportunity for color coding superior performance (in some cases) Disadvantages technological limitation, cost non-superior performance (in other cases)

9. 9 Coding Color < 9 discriminable colors (absolute discrimination) < ? (relative discrimination) Shape alphanumeric: < 82 (A-Z, a-z, 0-9, <, (, +, &, …) geometric: < 15 pictorial: < ?

10. 10 Coding (cont’) Magnitude < 7 (± 2) area line length number of primitives luminance stereoscopic depth inclination

11. 11 Approximation Definition Get attention with one display Present detailed info with another Example Red oil pressure annunciator near LOS Oil pressure gauge elsewhere

12. 12 13 Principles of Display Design (Wickens, Gordon, & Liu) Perceptual Principles Mental Model Principles Principles Based on Attention Memory Principles

13. 13 Perceptual Principles 1.Avoid absolute judgments absolute vs. relative judgment 2.Top-down processing people observe what they expect to observe 3.Redundancy gain alternative stimulus attributes 4.Discriminability similarity causes confusion

14. 14 Mental Model Principles 5.Pictorial realism looks like what it represents 6.Principle of the moving part compatible with user’s mental model of motion 7.Ecological interface design close correspondence with environment being displayed

15. 15 Principles Based on Attention 8.Minimizing information access costs important or frequently accessed info is easy to access 9.Proximity compatibility principle close to what it represents close to its control 10.Principle of multiple resources auditory vs. visual spatial vs. verbal (perceptual/cognitive vs. response)

16. 16 Memory Principles 11.Principle of predictive aiding predictive display  proactive user 12.Principle of knowledge in the world don’t overburden human memory 13.Principle of consistency be consistent

17. Applications

18. 18 Two-Valued Info (Warning and Alert Information) Examples Low oil pressure indicator (automobile) Door open indicator (aircraft) Types Lights Flags Technologies Electronic Mechanical

19. 19 Two-Valued Information (2) Principles Should attract attention of busy / bored operator. Should tell what is wrong. Should not prevent continued attention to other duties. Should not be likely to fail. Should not give false alarms.

20. 20 Quantitative Information (Exact Reading) Examples Oil pressure (psi) Speed (mph) Temperature (deg) Types Counter Digital display Technologies Electronic (LED, LCD, CRT, …) Mechanical (drum, disk, …)

21. 21 Quantitative Information 1 (cont’) Principles Mount close to panel front to minimize shadows, etc. < 2 changes/second 1 : 1 height-to-width ratio 1/4 - 1/2 width spacing high contrast

22. 22 Quantitative Information ( Approximate to Exact Reading plus Rate Info) Examples Altitude (aircraft) Speed (auto, aircraft) Temperature (chemical reactor) Types Fixed scale moving pointer Fixed pointer moving scale Technologies mechanical, electromechanical electronic (CRT, LCD, …)

23. 23 Fixed Scale Moving Pointer (1) 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

24. 24 Fixed Scale Moving Pointer (2) 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

25. 25 Fixed Pointer Moving Scale (1) 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

26. 26 Fixed Pointer Moving Scale (2) 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

27. 27 Quantitative Information (2) Principles Scale range Interval values Scale dimensions Scale layout Pointers Motion

28. 28 Scale Range Select least precise scale that meets operator’s needs. Display in immediately usable form, e.g. +0% - 110% maximum RPM rather than -0 - 8250 RPM

29. 29 Scale Intervals Good progressions 0.10.20.3...(0.1 unit numbered interval) 123...(1 unit) 51015...(5 units) Fair progressions 0.20.40.6...(0.2 unit) 246...(2 units) Poor progressions 0.250.50.75...(0.25 units) 4816...(4 units) 135...(2 units, poor initial point)

30. 30 Recommended minimum scale dimensions (in) for low illumination - 0.03 to 1.0 ft - L (28-in. viewing distance). Adapted from Human Factors in Engineering and Design (figure 5- 4) Scale Dimensions major scale marker minor scale marker intermediate scale marker

31. 31 Scale Layout Circular Numbers increase clockwise Zero break Zero at bottom (positive scale) Zero at 9 o’clock position (positive - negative scale) Numbers inside graduation marks

32. 32 Circular Display 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

33. 33 Positive/Negative Display 0 -10 -20 +10 +20

34. 34 Linear Displays 01020304050 0 10 20 30 40 50

35. 35 Linear Displays (2) 0 10 20 30 40 50 01020304050

36. 36 Pointers To but not over minor scale markings As close to surface as possible (parallax) Same color as dial markings Pointer tip angle  20 degrees

37. 37 Long-Scale Displays: Multiple Pointer 5 7 6 8 9 0 1 2 3 4

38. 38 Long-Scale Displays: Pointer/Counter 5 7 6 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 7 8 0 3 1

39. 39 Motion (Fixed Pointer Moving Scale) Scale numbers increase in clockwise direction Compatible control / scale movement Clockwise control movement increases value Avoid FPMS displays (inconsistency)

40. 40 FPMS Anomalies (1) 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 80 90 70

41. 41 FPMS Anomalies (2) 0 80 90 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 80 90 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

42. 42 Check Reading Examples RPM ok? Temperature ok? Types FSMP FPMS Technologies Mechanical Electronic (CRT, LCD, …)

43. 43 Check Reading (2) 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

44. 44 Check Reading (3) 0 10 20 30 40 50 ABCD 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

45. 45 Current Setting Info (Quantitative) Examples Frequency selector (radio) Channel selector (TV) Types FSMP FPMS (?) Technologies Mechanical Electronic Principles see “quantitative info principles”

46. 46 Current Setting Info (Qualitative) Examples Function selector (stereo system) Line selector (multi-line phone) Types Two-value displays Alphanumeric displays Technologies Mechanical (e.g. flag, 2-position button) Electronic (light, LED, …) Principles detectability discriminability

47. 47 Complex SystemState / Status Info Examples Fuel system state (aircraft) Switch settings (railroad switch yard) Types Pictorial Technologies Electronic Principles Pictorial realism Compatibility with mental model

48. 48 Pictorial Display (System Synoptic)

49. 49 Command Info Examples Heading to waypoint (aircraft) Collision avoidance maneuver (aircraft) Types FSMP / FPMS Alphanumeric Pictorial

50. 50 Command Info (2) Technologies Mechanical Electronic Principles Tell operator what to do

51. 51 “Pathway in the Sky” Display

52. 52 Navigational Info Examples Horizontal Situation Indicator (HIS) - (aircraft) Map display (car) Types Pictorial Technologies Electronic (CRT, LCD) Optical projection (projector, HUD)

53. 53 Navigational Info (2) Principles North-up for planning Track-up (ego-centered) for control Safety considerations

54. 54 Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)

55. 55 Automobile Map Display

56. Other Kinds of Displays

57. Head-Up Display windscreen mirror projector pilot’s eye combiner HUD image (at optical infinity)

58. 58 Head-Up Display Source: http://ef2000_www.im.gte.com/efhcphd.html

59. 59 Military Aircraft HUD

60. 60 Head Mounted Display Kopin Monocular Head Mounted Display http://www.phoenix.net/~vrgear/kopin.htm

61. 61 Helmet Mounted Display

62. 62 Head Mounted Display http://www.keo.com/Hmds.html

63. 63 Head Up Display F-22 Simulator Solid State http://www.keo.com/F22hud.htm

64. Head down display http://www.keo.com/hdd.htm Head Down Display

65. Haptic Display. Exoskeleton http://www.stelarc.va.com.au/exoskeleton/ Haptic Display

66. 66 Haptic Display PHANToM haptic interface http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/nr/1998/phantom.html

67. 67 Haptic Display A haptic display based on the Tactile Flow concept http://www.piaggio.ccii.unipi.it/robotics/robresearch/haptic.html

68. 68 Feedback Displays Pediatric Intravenous Catheterization Simulator http://www.immersion.com/pdf/ctsmmdl2.pdf

69. 69 Feedback Displays Event For Extended Body And Walking Machine http://www.stelarc.va.com.au/exoskeleton/