1. Romanesque Architecture Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp

2. Topics Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy High Romanesque in France High Romanesque in France Regional Romanesque Regional Romanesque France France Spain Spain Italy Italy

3. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy The first completely vaulted churches of the Romanesque were modest buildings The first completely vaulted churches of the Romanesque were modest buildings Erected by ordinary patrons in the Pyrenees and the Western Alps Erected by ordinary patrons in the Pyrenees and the Western Alps Interior of the church enveloped an integrated stone frame (instead of the traditional perishable timber) Interior of the church enveloped an integrated stone frame (instead of the traditional perishable timber)

4. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Abbey Church of St. Martin du Canigou Abbey Church of St. Martin du Canigou c. 1001 – 1026 c. 1001 – 1026 Built on a steeply falling site in the French Pyrenees Built on a steeply falling site in the French Pyrenees Two stories Two stories Both three-aisled and barrel vaulted Both three-aisled and barrel vaulted Small, dark, and plain Small, dark, and plain Illustrates considerable skill in handling a difficult site Illustrates considerable skill in handling a difficult site

5. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Photo: Sullivan

6. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Photo: Sullivan

7. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Photo: Sullivan

8. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Abbey Church of Cluny Abbey Church of Cluny c. 910 c. 910 Originally a small, timber-roofed construction Originally a small, timber-roofed construction Called Cluny I Called Cluny I Replaced in 955 – 981 Replaced in 955 – 981 Called Cluny II Called Cluny II Almost completely barrel vaulted Almost completely barrel vaulted

9. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Abbey Church of Cluny Abbey Church of Cluny Had a great deal of Norman and Germanic influence Had a great deal of Norman and Germanic influence Complex planning Complex planning Twin-towered west façade Twin-towered west façade Interplay of eastern and western tower groups Interplay of eastern and western tower groups Pyramid buildup of levels at the east Pyramid buildup of levels at the east Early Romanesque features Early Romanesque features Vaulting Vaulting Interior bareness Interior bareness

10. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Abbey Church of Cluny Abbey Church of Cluny Rebuilt again in 1088 Rebuilt again in 1088 Known as Cluny III Known as Cluny III Featured more of a square schematic Featured more of a square schematic Was eventually torn down during the French Revolution Was eventually torn down during the French Revolution

11. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Photo: Sullivan

12. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Photo: Sullivan

13. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Photo: Sullivan

14. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Abbey Church of St. Philibert Abbey Church of St. Philibert Located at Tournous, Burgundy, France Located at Tournous, Burgundy, France Twin towered exterior Twin towered exterior Facade balanced by pyramidal buildup of the eastern group Facade balanced by pyramidal buildup of the eastern group Body of the church had a normal basilican plan Body of the church had a normal basilican plan Radiating chapels allowed for the display of relics at different altars Radiating chapels allowed for the display of relics at different altars

15. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Photo: Sullivan

16. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Photo: Sullivan

17. Romanesque Architecture: Early Vaulted Romanesque in Burgundy Photo: Sullivan

18. Romanesque Architecture: High Romanesque in France Buildings embodied a full synthesis of northern and southern early Romanesque Buildings embodied a full synthesis of northern and southern early Romanesque St Etienne in Nevers St Etienne in Nevers c. 1063 – 1097 c. 1063 – 1097 Synthesizes the wall elevation of Mont-Saint Michel with the barrel vaulting of Tournus Synthesizes the wall elevation of Mont-Saint Michel with the barrel vaulting of Tournus Stone chapels Stone chapels Whole is built up in a pyramidal movement to crossing tower Whole is built up in a pyramidal movement to crossing tower

19. Romanesque Architecture: High Romanesque in France Photo: Sullivan

20. Romanesque Architecture: High Romanesque in France Photo: Sullivan

21. Romanesque Architecture: High Romanesque in France Photo: Sullivan

22. Romanesque Architecture: High Romanesque in France Cathedral of Autun Cathedral of Autun c. 1120 – 1130 c. 1120 – 1130 Detailed classicism Detailed classicism Wall layered and seems sculpted from a homogenous mass of stone into deep layers of classicizing forms Wall layered and seems sculpted from a homogenous mass of stone into deep layers of classicizing forms Delicately pointed curvature of nave vault and pointed arches of nave arcade relieved weightliness Delicately pointed curvature of nave vault and pointed arches of nave arcade relieved weightliness Gothic style Gothic style Pointed shape Pointed shape

23. Romanesque Architecture: High Romanesque in France Photo: Sullivan

24. Romanesque Architecture: High Romanesque in France Photo: Sullivan

25. Romanesque Architecture: High Romanesque in France Photo: Sullivan

26. Romanesque Architecture: High Romanesque in France Ste-Madeline at Vezelay Ste-Madeline at Vezelay A pilgrimage church A pilgrimage church Known for sculpture and interior Known for sculpture and interior Classical detailing Classical detailing Simplification of nave elevation Simplification of nave elevation Red and white banded arches Red and white banded arches Islamic element Islamic element Covered by a series of large cross vaults Covered by a series of large cross vaults

27. Romanesque Architecture: High Romanesque in France Photo: Sullivan

28. Romanesque Architecture: High Romanesque in France Photo: Sullivan

29. Romanesque Architecture: High Romanesque in France Photo: Sullivan

30. Romanesque Architecture: Regional Romanesque Western France Western France Abbey Church at St. Savin sur Gartempe Abbey Church at St. Savin sur Gartempe Early twelfth century Early twelfth century Groin vaulted aisles rise almost to the height of barrel- vaulted nave Groin vaulted aisles rise almost to the height of barrel- vaulted nave Fresco cycle on the ceiling Fresco cycle on the ceiling Descended from St. Philibert at Tournus Descended from St. Philibert at Tournus

31. Romanesque Architecture: Regional Romanesque Photo: Sullivan

32. Romanesque Architecture: Regional Romanesque Photo: Sullivan

33. Romanesque Architecture: Regional Romanesque Western France Western France St. Front St. Front Located in Perigueux, France Located in Perigueux, France Based on Byzantine churches but may have evolved from earlier single-aisled rectangular styles Based on Byzantine churches but may have evolved from earlier single-aisled rectangular styles Byzantine features Byzantine features Dome on pendentives in each of five units Dome on pendentives in each of five units Appearance is not Byzantine Appearance is not Byzantine No decorations No decorations

34. Romanesque Architecture: Regional Romanesque Photo: Sullivan

35. Romanesque Architecture: Regional Romanesque Italy Italy Venice and Rome were among the most conservative architectural centers of Europe Venice and Rome were among the most conservative architectural centers of Europe 12 th century was the most active building period 12 th century was the most active building period Due to a series of ambitious popes Due to a series of ambitious popes Built churches in early Christian style Built churches in early Christian style

36. Romanesque Architecture: Regional Romanesque Photo: Sullivan

37. Romanesque Architecture: Regional Romanesque Photo: Sullivan

38. References Sullivan, Mary; http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/ Sullivan, Mary; http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/ http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wdpt1.html http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wdpt1.html Trachtenburg/Hyman; Architecture: From Prehistory to Postmodernity Trachtenburg/Hyman; Architecture: From Prehistory to Postmodernity Wodehouse/Moffett; A History of Western Architecture Wodehouse/Moffett; A History of Western Architecture

39. Romanesque Architecture Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp