1. The Catholic Reformation

2. The Catholic Reformation Overview
How did the Catholic Church respond to the new religious situation?
Internal reform (linked to earlier reform efforts)
2. Counter Reformation opposing Protestants
intellectually, militarily, politically, and institutionally.
How?
Change from the papacy
New religious orders
The Council of Trent ( )

3. Pope Paul III as Reformer (r. 1534-1549)
Appointed reform-minded higher clergy to educate +monitor lower clergy
Prohibited absenteeism and pluralism
Established new religious orders that preached to common people
Opened seminaries to train priests
Ended selling church offices
Stricter control of clerical life
A transition point from Renaissance Popes

4. Pope Paul III as Punisher
Holy Office (1542) presided over the Roman Inquisition
Power to arrest, imprison, and execute heretics
Led by Cardinal Caraffa (later Pope Paul IV)
Index of Forbidden Books published by Holy Office
Only effective in Papal states
Called Council of Trent to reform the church and try to reconcile with Protestants

5. The Council of Trent: Reconciliation
The Catholics could not reconcile with the Protestants. Why not?
Religious Reasons
Political Reasons
Lutherans and Calvinists insisted
that the Scripture be the only basis for discussion
Charles V opposed discussion that would
alienate his Lutheran subjects
Did not want to lose more territory
French Kings undermined Charles’ efforts
Wanted a weak, religiously divided Germany

6. The Council of Trent: Reforms
Doctrinal Reforms
Equal validity to Scriptures and tradition
Reaffirmed the Seven Sacraments and transubstantiation
Tridentine decrees
Bishops must live in their own dioceses
Suppressed pluralism and simony
Forbade indulgences
Prohibited concubines
Every diocese ordered to have a seminary
Professors determined vocation of prospective priests

7. New Religious Orders
Why? Clergy and People needed to be morally and intellectually educated if Catholicism were to survive.

8. 1. Ursuline Order of Nuns Founded by Angela Merici (1474-1540) in 1535
Mission was to re- Christianize society by training future wives and mothers
Established prestigious education for women throughout Italy, France, and the New World

9. 2. Jesuits Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
Spiritual Exercises(1548) 4 week program to reform life through study
Society of Jesus (Jesuits) became a centralized organization
Two year probationary period
poverty, chastisty, obedience, and mission to educate and convert
Educated European children of poor, then nobility, then throughout world

11. Limited Success 1524-25: Peasant’s Revolt 1534-35 Munster Rebellion
Anabaptist
Jan Matthys
“Walkie Talkie with God”
1555 Peace of Augsburg
“Whose realm, whose religion”
Religious “toleration” in the HRE
As determined by the local ruler
Local sovereignty > Divine sovereignty

12. Background to French Religious Wars
France remained Catholic because of the Concordat of Bologna
Pope collected all $$ from French Church
French king could tithe and appoint French clergy
French Huguenots (Protestants) were middle class artisans or reform minded clergy
By 1559 about 10% of France were Huguenots
Power-hungry nobles converted to justify independence and land acquisition
Who’s best interest is it to become Protestant? Who’s best interest is in Catholicism?

13. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
Catholics v. Huguenots
Catherine de’ Medici (Wife of Henry II) tried moderation
40-50% of nobility now Huguenot!
Political trouble: Rival family (Guise) backed Catholics to try to claim political power!
Spanish Catholics back the French Catholics

14. Religions
Protestant faction: Huguenots = French Calvinists. Supported by the Bourbons
Guise = Catholic

15. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
August 24, 1572
Festival celebrating the marriage of King Henry II’s sister to Protestant Henry of Navarre
Incited gruesome violence, 15 years of civil war
Led to destruction of crops, commerce, and lives due to starvation and murder

17. Henry IV the Politique (r. 1589-1610)
Henry Navarre became Protestant French King Henry IV
Politique – a person believing that no religious creed was worth political and social disorder
“Paris is worth a mass”
His compromise: became Catholic to appease the Catholics and passed the Edict of Nants (1598) giving Huguenots freedom to worship and fortified their cities

18. Religious Violence Under the Habsburgs
When Charles V abdicated in 1556, he left Austria to his brother Ferdinand and his son Philip acquired Spain, the Netherlands, Milan, Sicily, and territory in the Americas
Philip did not understand how to contain Protestantism in the Netherlands

20. Violence Shaped the Low Countries
Calvinism appealed to merchants and middle class because of its emphasis on good, hard work
1568 Duke of Alva was sent to “pacify” protestant uprisings and brutally executed 1,500 men
Southern Low Countries fell to Spain (future Belgium)
Northern declared independence with Union of Utrecht
Northern Netherlands led by William of Nassau, assassinated in 1584
Dutch appealed to Queen Elizabeth who reluctantly provided funds and troops
Philip attacked England and lost, making permanent the Union of Utrecht → recognized as United Provinces in 1609 by Spain

21. Religious Violence in the Netherlands Sequence of Events
Calvinism became popular in the Netherlands, uprisings
Council of Blood: 1568 Duke of Alva “pacified” uprisings killing 1,500 men
South went to Spain, North → Union of Utrecht
William of Nassau assassinated in 1584
Dutch ask for help from England (Queen Elizabeth Tudor)
Philip sends Spanish Armada to defeat England and FAILS May 9, 1588
Independent United Provinces, Powerful England, Weakening Spain

22. What were the causes and consequences of religious violence, including riots, wars, and witch-hunts?
Causes of Religious Violence
Consequences of Religious Violence
French nobles sought independence and power, converted →Riots and Civil War in France
MC workers converted b/c appeals of Calvinism →Riots in Netherlands
Disasters like illness, weather → witch-hunts
Rise of the Bourbon dynasty, politique approach to ruling France
United Provinces and major increase in England military pretsige, major decrease in Spanish power
Women associated with demons,