2. International Human Rights

3. Early history 1865 Confederate soldiers executed for executing prisoners 1915 Allied Powers charge govt of Turkey with “crimes against humanity”

4. Geneva Conventions A series of 4 conventions beginning in 1860s, and in force since 1949 Article 3 prohibits mistreatment of prisoners, including torture and “degrading and humiliating treatment” Treatment of non-signatories?

5. 1948--Universal Declaration of Human Rights personal, social, legal, and political rights followed by dozens of other international conventions

6. After WWII, War Crimes Tribunals established in Tokyo and Nuremburg Following orders no defense Crimes were attacking countries at peace

7. Genocide 1949 Convention passed GA against “Genocide” after Armenian and Jewish genocides Extermination in whole or in part Preventing reproduction Transferring children obligates international action 1986 Senate ratifies convention

8. Genocide Cambodia Yugoslavia Rwanda and now http://video.on.nytimes.com/ifr_main.jsp?nsid=a3f1beb18:10c2bb17bbd:27dd&fr_story=c2019d50a4479b0245dddf3 b513daa7eba46cd9e&st=1151792575888&mp=FLV&cpf=false&fr=070106_062146_3f1beb18x10c2bb17bbdx2746 &rdm=720432.7126377582 Sudan weak UN or international responses

10. Also National laws American, Belgian, and other national laws allow prosecutions of crimes committed elsewhere American law--even non-citizens can sue people who have entered the US for crimes committed elsewhere

11. International Courts In the 90’s, tribunals for war crimes committed in Yugoslavia and Rwanda establishing precedent of holding leaders accountable

12. ICC 2002 permanent International Criminal Court established US refuses to ratify

13. Pinochet 1998 arrested in England for extradition to Spain British court held no immunity for head of state Released due to failing health Currently under investigation in Chile for murder and fraud

14. Saddam Hussein Is held by American military, but tried by Iraqi special tribunal

15. Charles Taylor Is being tried in special Sierra Leone Court, organized by UN, take place at ICC in Hague Serve sentence in Britain (if convicted)

16. Special case before ICJ (World Court) Bosnia suing Serbia

17. Ending conflicts South Africa’s “Truth and Reconciliation Commission” Also in many other countries: Argentina, Algeria, Chile, El Salvador, Liberia, East Timor, US, etc

18. Rights of Women http://video.on.nytimes.com/ifr_main.jsp?nsid=a3f1beb18:10c2bb17bbd:27dd&fr_story=c2019d50a4479b0245dddf3 b513daa7eba46cd9e&st=1151792575888&mp=FLV&cpf=false&fr=070106_062146_3f1beb18x10c2bb17bbdx2746 &rdm=720432.7126377582 http://select.nytimes.com/packages/khtml/2006/01/22/opinion/20060122_KRISTOF_VIDEO.html