1. Vote on Tuesday, November 4 th (TODAY)! Plan your schedule and make time to vote! Polls are open from 6:00am until 6:00 pm. Anybody who is in line by 6:00pm WILL BE ALLOWED TO VOTE! All you need to vote is your IU student ID or an Indiana or Federal ID (such as an Indiana Drivers License or a passport). To find out your polling location, go to indianavoters.com. indianavoters.com

2. http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/images/Erb/components2.gif

3. Spectrum of Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface H&K fig 6.2 Absorption bands due to gasses like CO 2, H 2 O, CH 4 etc. These are the so-called green-house gasses. O 3 In the stratosphere

4. Absorption by the Atmosphere http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Atmospheric_Transmission.png

5. Green House gases Contributions to green house effect depend on IR absorption, concentration and lifetime in the atmosphere. GASSourcesGW P Lifetime (yr) 2003 conc. ppm CO2 (5500 MT/y) Burning organics/ deforestration 1100373 CH4 (600 MT/y) Rice fields, landfills, animals 21101.7 NOx (16 MT/y) Fetilizer/defor- estration, vehicles 3101700.31 CFC’s (1MT/y) Aerosol sprays, refrigerators, ACs’ 1300- 12000 70-1000.003 NF3 (<2-3kT/y) Plasma cleaning FP displays etc. 17000550-7500.00045 GWP: “Global Warming Potential”: the ability of the gas to trap IR light (heat).

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas These number differ slightly From those in your text

7. Carbon Cycle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle

8. http://www.whrc.org/carbon/http://www.whrc.org/carbon/ (Woods Hole Research Center) Sediments and sedimentary Rocks could account for another 6x10 7 Petagrams! (www.physicalgeography.net/9r.html) 1 petagram = 1.1x10 9 tons CO 2 emissions are some 65 times the CO emissions!!

9. http://www.whrc.org/carbon/http://www.whrc.org/carbon/ (Woods Hole Research Center)

10. H&K Fig. 9.6: Feedback (positive and Negative) “Butterfly effect” in complex systems

11. CO 2 Concentrations and Temperature Change Note that total temperature change across several ice ages was only about 12 o C or about 22 o F.

12. Carbon Sequestration (“Clean coal” as of ~ 2000) Research and Creative Activity, Oct 2008, IU OVPR publication Note that “clean coal” is a term that has been around for a long time, but it has only recently morphed into this incarnation. Originally it referred simply to using low-sulfur coal, then to including emission control measures, and finally to include limits on CO 2 emissions. It’s true meaning in the mind of the user is therefore to be taken with some appropriate degree of skepticism!

13. Another way to look at it: Robinson et al. J. Phys. Surg. 12, 79-90 (2007) These doctors say yes the warming is there, but claim that there is no evidence that the warming is anthropogenic. Why might you be skeptical of this article?

14. Green House gases Contributions to green house effect depend on IR absorption, concentration and lifetime in the atmosphere. GASSourcesGW P Lifetime (yr) 2003 conc. ppm CO2 (5500 MT/y) Burning organics/ deforestration 1100373 CH4 (600 MT/y) Rice fields, landfills, animals 21101.7 NOx (16 MT/y) Fetilizer/defor- estration, vehicles 3101700.31 CFC’s (1MT/y) Aerosol sprays, refrigerators, ACs’ 1300- 12000 70-1000.003 NF3 (<2-3kT/y) Plasma cleaning FP displays etc. 17000550-7500.00045 GWP: “Global Warming Potential”: the ability of the gas to trap IR light (heat).

15. http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html 10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to 40 ppb ozone in the troposphere!

16. http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part2.html Ozone levels at Halley Bay station (Antarctica)

17. TOMS Satellite movie ( Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ) http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/anim_toms.html

18. TOMS Satellite movie ( Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ) http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part2.html

19. Exam II Review 115 points (translated to 100 for course total) 23 questions (~2-3 from each lecture’s material) 4-6 have numeric answers. Bring a calculator! Covers Heat Pumps through global warming and biofuels. –Chapters 5E-5H, 6, 17, 7, 8, 9 (thru 9.C). Cover sheet is up on ONCOURSE (blue font identifies additions since the first exam; red identifies changes since first posting). OFFICE HOURS: M: 3:00-4:30; T: 11:00-12:00; 1:00-2:30; W: 1:30 to 3:30; Thurs: 8:00 to 9:00

20. Heat Pumps What is the relationship between a refrigerator, a heat pump, and a heat engine? How does a heat pump work and when/why would you want to use one?

21. Solar Energy Active/passive systems: basics of design Direct, indirect, diffuse components Basic system design (components, features) Solar constant and insolation Flat panel vs. focusing systems How much energy is available Advantages/disadvantages

22. Fossil Fuels Resources vs. reserves (proven, inferred…) Attractive features vs. problems associated with them. Exploration, refining, production,… Natural gas: what is it? Where is it? Alternative sources: oil sands/shale, clathrates, etc. Coal: Impurities, types Societal use, sector use Physical differences between grades

23. Biomass What is it? Landfill design Sources of various types (ethanol, biogas, methanol, municipal waste) Anaerobic digestion (input and output) Energy/carbon balance Wood Societal distribution Advantages/disadvantages

24. Air Pollution Pascal’s and Archemedes’ principles What is pollution (sources, types, regulations) Effects of CO, SO x, NO x, VOC, TSP, O 3 Interactions between various types (SMOG) Acid rain (sources, consequences) Emission controls: –Precipitators/collectors vs. scrubbers for power plants –PCV, EGR valves, catalytic converters etc. for cars Profiles for various sources (power plants vs. cars, coal vs. natural gas etc.) and societies.

25. Climate Change What is the greenhouse effect? What are some common green house gases, and what do they actually do? Where is the carbon and how much gets exchanged per year? Why do we not have a definitive answer about how hot we will get? Behaviour of complex systems (tipping points etc.)

26. Sample Questions Explain the difference between insolation and insulation? What is the physical property of hydrocarbons that is used to separate them in an oil refinery, and what is the molecular difference between different hydrocarbons? What does it mean to say that a fuel such as ethanol is “carbon neutral”? Identify and describe the function of two devices used to reduce air pollution emissions from cars or power plants. Identify the pollutant(s) each controls.