1. Welcome to MR160 Pharmacology/Lab Medicine
Week-1 … Textbook chapters 10, 11, and 12
Alexander Niyazov PharmD., RPh

2. Seminar Reminders We begin promptly at 8 pm EST
Wednesday’s
Class is one hour (8 - 9 pm EST)
Please do not announce yourself or apologize if …
you arrive late
you get bumped out due to technical issues
… just join right in !

3. Seminar Reminders Be open to new thoughts and ideas
There is no such thing as a stupid question ... please ask!
Type a “?” if you have a question
Alternative Seminar Assignments if you miss (Seminar Option 2)
due Tuesday 11:59 pm EST of assigned unit

4. Course Policies and Procedures
 Discussion Board
Post initial response by NLT* Saturday
Post responses to your classmates by NLT* Tuesday 11:59 pm EST
Grading
See Rubric for details in syllabus
For full credit must post on more than 1 day!
*(NLT = No-Later-Than)

5. Course Policies and Procedures
 Projects and Assignments
Label your work properly … PLEASE!
place your name within the assignment’s file- name, as seen in this example from “John Doe” and his HS140 “Unit-3 Calculations” assignment:
Doe_Calculations_Unit3 or
JDoe Unit3 Calc HS140
DoeHS140unit3assignment

6. Course Policies and Procedures
 Projects and Assignments (continued)
TITLE your work properly ... PLEASE!
Title example. This is how your Title would appear at the top of your assignment which is being submitted as a Word-document (using old John Doe again):
Week 3 Calculations Assignment
John Doe
Kaplan University

7. Course Policies and Procedures
References
Pharmacology is constantly changing
Every year ...
New drugs come onto the market
Other drugs are no longer manufactured
New generics become available
New warnings need to be documented
Approval for new indications is reported

8. Course Policies and Procedures
References
Books - must be current ...
… published within the last 2 years
Websites - these 3 are very useful ...
manufacturer’s website
when information about a specific brand name drug product is needed, (for example ... go to Lilly.com for detailed info on Prozac)

9. Course Policies and Procedures
References
Must be reputable
Must be sited using APA reference format
Take the Plagiarism Policy very seriously!
Reference any drug-information you turn in that you had to look up (except textbook)
Unsure how to reference?
Seek help by going to the ‘Writing Center’

10. Role of Medication (Drugs)
The administration of medication is one of the most important responsibilities of the healthcare professional
We must strive to gain all possible knowledge medicines, their use, and their abuse
This knowledge is of utmost importance in giving the best possible patient care!

11. Role …continued
The types of things we must learn about medications are …
Proper use
Abuse (improper use)
Correct dosages
Methods of administration (delivery)
Symptoms of overdosage
Abnormal reactions (allergic,idiosyncratic)

12. Benefits vs. Risks of drug usage
Correctly used – can be life-saving
Unwisely used – can cause permanent harm, may even be fatal
“Crutches” – drugs can be thought of this way, as aides in helping a patient heal
Common-sense must be used when administering drugs … and never assume!

13. GENERAL pharmacology terms
Pharmacology -the study of drugs and their actions
Pharmacy - art of preparing/dispensing
Drug - any substance used in medicine
Chemical substance – can be synthetically made
Plant products – crude drugs
Animal products – insulin, thyroid horm
Food substances – vitamins/minerals

14. SPECIFIC pharmacy terms
Additive effect – “1 + 1 = 2”
Adverse effect – negative, unplanned
Allergic reaction – marked reaction
Antagonism – “1 + 1 = less than 2”
Idiosyncratic – abnormal reaction
Prophylactic – to prevent disease
Side-effect – unpredictable
Synergism – “1 + 1 = more than 2”
Tolerance – increasing resistance

15. Drug Laws and Regulation
Controlled Substances Act of 1971, which introduced the DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency)
Established drug ‘Schedules’, or categories, based on the drug’s potential for abuse
Schedules1 - 5 (often Roman Numerals)… with (1) being highest abuse-potential and (5) the least abuse potential

16. Schedule 1 drugs (aka C-1’s)
HIGHEST potential for abuse
NO currently accepted medical use in the United States
Lack of accepted safety data
examples:
*heroin
*LSD
*marijuana

17. Schedule 2 drugs (aka C-11’s)
High potential for abuse
DOES have currently accepted medical use in the U.S. with severe restrictions
Abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence
examples:
*morphine *oxycodone *cocaine *methylphenidate (Ritalin)

18. Schedule 3 drugs (aka C-111’s)
Abuse potential less than C-1 and C-11’s
Currently accepted medical use in U.S.
Abuse may result in moderate/low physical, or high psyhological dependence
examples:
*codeine (small amounts) *hydrocodone *phendimetrazine (appetite suppressant)

19. Schedule 4 drugs (aka C-1V’s)
LOW potential for abuse
Currently accepted medical use in U.S.
Abuse may result in limited physical or psychological dependence
examples:
*diazepam *propoxyphene *meprobamate *phenobarbital

20. Schedule 5 drugs (aka C-V’s)
Lowest potential for abuse
Currently accepted medical us in U.S.
Abuse tends to be very limited
examples:
*compounds (mixtures) containing limited amounts of codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone
*Lomotil (diphenoxylate + atropine)

21. Drug Standards
‘Drug Standards’ list known values, strengths, quality, and ingredients of various drugs
USP – American Drug Standard
IP – International Drug Standards
BP and The Pharmaceutical Codex – British Drug Standards

22. Sources of Drug Information
These are all things you can use to research information on drugs
Rxlist.com – great website!
Drugs.com – another great website!
WebMD – disease and drug info
Drug manufacturer’s website – useful only if searching the Brand-name drug

23. Brand-name vs. generic-name
Brand-name is also referred to as the ‘Trade’ name, or ‘Proprietary’ name … this simply means the original manufacturer ‘owns’ the name.
Brand-names are always CAPITALIZED
Generic drug names are always recorded in LOWER CASE … this is important!

24. Pharmaceutical Preparations
Different types of dosage forms are needed for different applications
These variations are necessary because of the wide range of drug properties and drug uses
See pages 31 and 32 for fully detailed information

25. Oral Dosage forms Capsules - swallow
Tablets/pills – swallow/sub-lingual
Troches – dissolve in mouth
Long-acting/Extended-release tabs/caps
Elixirs – contains alcohol
Emulsions – fat globule suspension
Syrups – sugar, liquid
Aerosols/inhalers - spray

26. Topical Dosage forms (apply)
Gels – easily spread over large areas
Creams – absorbs quickly into skin
Ointments – stays on surface
Powders – wound treatment
Lotions/Liniments
Solutions – often used on scalp
Tinctures/Spirits
Suppositories – insert rectally

27. Review Questions …
Which drug schedule represents the highest potential for abuse ?

28. Answer …
Schedule 1, may also be listed as C-1

29. Review Question 2 …
The main American drug standard text is called the …

30. Answer 2 …
USP (United States Pharmacopoeia)

31. Thanks guys …
Hope you all have a great week!