1. Chapter 2 The Constitution

2. Copyright © 2011 Cengage WHO GOVERNS? WHO GOVERNS? 1. What is the difference between a democracy and a republic? 2. What branch of government has the greatest power? TO WHAT ENDS? TO WHAT ENDS? 1. Does the Constitution tell us what goals the government should serve? 2. Whose freedom does the Constitution protect?

3. Copyright © 2011 Cengage The Problem of Liberty I:A-D The Colonial Mind The Colonial Mind Men will seek power because they are ambitious, greedy and easily corruptedMen will seek power because they are ambitious, greedy and easily corrupted The Real Revolution The Real Revolution Weaknesses of the Confederation Weaknesses of the Confederation Articles of Confederation 1781Articles of Confederation 1781

4. Even before the Revolutionary War, many felt some form of union would be necessary if the rebellious colonies were to survive. In 1774, the Massachusetts Spy portrayed the colonies as segments of a snake that must “Join or Die.” p. 20 LC-DIG-ppmsca-02949/Library of Congress

5. The American colonists’ desire to assert their liberties led in time to a deep hostility toward British government, as when these New Yorkers toppled a statue of King George III, melted it down, and used the metal to make bullets. p. 21 Lafayette College Art Collection

6. Copyright © 2011 Cengage North America in 1787, p. 22

7. p. 23 Congress/JK130 1777 B7

8. Copyright © 2011 Cengage The Constitutional Convention II:A-B The Lessons of Experience The Lessons of Experience State ConstitutionsState Constitutions Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion The Framers The Framers 55 delegates, RI did not send a delegate55 delegates, RI did not send a delegate Mural by Barry Faulkner of delegates attending the Constitutional Convention, p. 28 Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

9. Shays’s Rebellion Colonies were in debt after the war, central gov’t tried to raise taxes Colonies were in debt after the war, central gov’t tried to raise taxes Farmers in western Massachusetts rebelled against tax they could not afford Farmers in western Massachusetts rebelled against tax they could not afford Rebelled against foreclosures, forced judges out of court, freed debtors from jail Rebelled against foreclosures, forced judges out of court, freed debtors from jail Showed that national gov’t was weak, needed to seek a stronger national gov’t Showed that national gov’t was weak, needed to seek a stronger national gov’t

10. The Constitutional Convention (DW) Demographics of Delegates Demographics of Delegates -55 delegates (none from RI) -33 Lawyers -half were college graduates -7 former governors -7 plantation owners -8 business leaders -age 26-81 (avg. age 42) -all male, all white

12. Shays’s Rebellion in western Massachusetts in 1786–1787 stirred deep fears of anarchy in America. The ruckus was put down by a hastily assembled militia, and the rebels were eventually pardoned. p. 26 Copyright © 2011 Cengage Bettmann/Corbis

13. The presiding officer at the Constitutional Convention was George Washington (1732–1799). He participated just once in the debates, but the effect of his presence was great. He was a national military hero, and it was generally expected that he would be the nation’s first president. p. 25 Copyright © 2011 Cengage The Free Library of Philadelphia

14. Copyright © 2011 Cengage The Challenge III:A-C The Virginia Plan –proposal to create a strong national government The Virginia Plan –proposal to create a strong national government The New Jersey Plan –proposal to create a weak national government The New Jersey Plan –proposal to create a weak national government The Compromise The Compromise popularly elected house based on state populationpopularly elected house based on state population state elected Senate, with two members for each statestate elected Senate, with two members for each state

15. Three-fifths Compromise Agree to allow the South to count 3/5 the population in each state to balance the power of North and South Agree to allow the South to count 3/5 the population in each state to balance the power of North and South Once again we see the struggle for power, this time between regions, the North and the South. Once again we see the struggle for power, this time between regions, the North and the South. Unlike today, we also see desire to compromise in order to reach a common goal Unlike today, we also see desire to compromise in order to reach a common goal

16. Copyright © 2011 Cengage The Constitution and Democracy IV:A-B Founders did not intend to create a direct democracy. Founders did not intend to create a direct democracy. Popular rule only one element of new government. Popular rule only one element of new government.

17. Copyright © 2011 Cengage

18. The Constitution and Democracy IV:C-D Republican Form of Government Republican Form of Government Key PrinciplesKey Principles Federalism Federalism Enumerated powers Enumerated powers Reserved powers Reserved powers Concurrent powers Concurrent powers Government of Human Nature Government of Human Nature Separation of powersSeparation of powers Checks and balancesChecks and balances

19. Madisonian Principles of Gov’t in the Constitution Popular Sovereignty – power to govern belongs to the people, gov’t based on the consent of governed Popular Sovereignty – power to govern belongs to the people, gov’t based on the consent of governed Separation of Powers – division of gov’t between branches: executive, legislative and judicial Separation of Powers – division of gov’t between branches: executive, legislative and judicial Checks and Balances – a system where branches have some authority over others Checks and Balances – a system where branches have some authority over others Limited Government – gov’t is not all- powerful, and it does only what citizens allow Limited Government – gov’t is not all- powerful, and it does only what citizens allow Federalism – division of power between central government and individual states Federalism – division of power between central government and individual states

20. Copyright © 2011 Cengage

23. p. 31

24. Copyright © 2011 Cengage

25. The primary debate for ratification The primary debate for ratification The Antifederalist View The Antifederalist View The Constitution and Liberty V:A-B

26. p. 35 American Antiquarian Society

27. Fed vs. Anti-Fed Ratification – formal approval Ratification – formal approval Federalist – in favor of adoption of US Constitution creating a federal union and strong central government Federalist – in favor of adoption of US Constitution creating a federal union and strong central government Anti-Federalist – opposed to ratification in 1787, opposed to strong central government Anti-Federalist – opposed to ratification in 1787, opposed to strong central government

28. Federalist Papers Annoyingly hard to read Annoyingly hard to read Best political theory ever written in US Best political theory ever written in US Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay Publius Publius Convince public for ratification Convince public for ratification

29. Federalist #10 Madison addresses biggest fear of gov’t Madison addresses biggest fear of gov’t Faction – a group in a legislature or political party acting together in pursuit of some special interest Faction – a group in a legislature or political party acting together in pursuit of some special interest Founding fathers were concerned that our government would be ripped apart Founding fathers were concerned that our government would be ripped apart Madison defends our national Constitution Madison defends our national Constitution

30. Federalist #10 Separation of Powers check the growth of tyranny Separation of Powers check the growth of tyranny Each branch of government keeps the other two from gaining too much power Each branch of government keeps the other two from gaining too much power A republic guards against irresponsible direct democracy or “common passions” A republic guards against irresponsible direct democracy or “common passions” Factions will always exist, but must be managed to not severe from the system. Factions will always exist, but must be managed to not severe from the system.

31. Anti-Fed Response Central gov’t would threaten liberty Central gov’t would threaten liberty Aristocratic tyranny could happen Aristocratic tyranny could happen Demanded a guarantee of individual rights and liberty Demanded a guarantee of individual rights and liberty States power was too limited States power was too limited

32. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Need for a Bill of Rights Need for a Bill of Rights The Constitution and Liberty V:C

33. p. 37

34. Copyright © 2011 Cengage The Constitution and The Constitution andSlavery The Constitution and Liberty V:D Ratification of the Federal Constitution by State Conventions, 1787-1790, p. 32

36. The Constitution was silent about slavery, and so buying and selling slaves continued for many years, p. 38 Copyright © 2011 Cengage Chicago Historical Society

37. Copyright © 2011 Cengage The Motives of the Framers VI:A-C Economic Interests Economic Interests RatificationRatification The Constitution and Equality The Constitution and Equality This late-eighteenth- century cartoon shows the enthusiasm many people had for their new Constitution, p. 39 The Granger Collection

38. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Reducing the Separation of Powers Reducing the Separation of Powers Making the System Less Democratic Making the System Less Democratic Line-item vetoLine-item veto WHO IS RIGHT? Constitutional Reform: Modern Views

39. Amending the Constitution Meant to be difficult Meant to be difficult Require action from national and state gov Require action from national and state gov

40. Formal Amendment Process

41. p. 44

42. Articles of the Constitution