1. OWL 2 Web Ontology Language: New Features and Rationale Feroz Farazi farazi@disi.unitn.it

2. Outline Introduction Features and rationale Profiles Conclusion

3. Introduction OWL 2: – Extends OWL 1 – Inherits OWL 1 language features The new features of OWL 2 based on: – Real applications – User experience – Tool developer experience

4. Features and Rationale Syntactic sugar New constructs for properties Extended datatypes Punning Extended annotations Some innovations Minor features

5. Features and Rationale Syntactic sugar – Makes some patterns easier to write – Does not change Expressiveness Semantics Complexity – Can help implementations For more efficient processing

6. Features and Rationale Syntactic sugar: – DisjointUnion – DisjointClasses – NegativeObjectPropertyAssertion – NegativeDataPropertyAssertion DisjointUnion Union of a set of classes All the classes are pairwise disjoint

7. Syntactic sugar Need for disjointUnion construct – A :CarDoor is exclusively either a :FrontDoor, a :RearDoor or a:TrunkDoor and not more than one of them A disjointUnion example –

8. Syntactic sugar DisjointClasses – A set of classes – All the classes are pairwise disjoint Need for DisjointClasses – Nothing can be both A LeftLung and A RightLung

9. Syntactic sugar NegativeObjectPropertyAssertion – Two individuals – A property does not hold between them Example, Patient “John” does not live in “Povo” NegativeDataPropertyAssertion – An individual – A literal – A property does not hold between them Example, “John” is not “5” years old.

10. New constructs for properties Self restriction Qualified cardinality restriction Object properties Disjoint properties Property chain keys

11. Self restriction Classes of objects that are related to themselves by a given property For example, the class of processes that regulate themselves It is also called local reflexivity An example: Auto-regulating processes regulate themselves

12. Qualified cardinality restrictions Qualifies the instances to be counted Restrain the class or data range of the instances to be counted For example, – Persons that have exactly three children who are girls – Each individual has at most one SSN

13. Qualified cardinality restrictions ObjectMinCardinality ObjectMaxCardinality ObjectExactCardinality DataMinCardinality DataMaxCardinality DataExactCardinality

14. Object properties ReflexiveObjectProperty – Globally reflexive – Everything is part of itself IrreflexiveObjectProperty – Nothing can be a proper part of itself AsymmetricObjectProperty – If x is proper part of y, then the opposite does not hold

15. Disjoint propertis DisjointObjectProperties – Deals with object properties – Pairwise disjointness can be asserted – E.g., connectedTo and contiguousWith DisjointDataProperties – Deals with data properties – Pairwise disjointness can be asserted – E.g., startTime and endTime of a surgery

16. Property chain inclusion Properties can be defined as a composition of other properties If disease A is locatedIn body part B and B is part of body part C then A is locatedIn C SubObjectPropertyOf ( ObjectPropertyChain( locatedIn partOf) locatedIn)

17. Keys Individuals can be identified uniquely Identification can be done using – A data property – An object property or – A set of properties HasKey( :RegisteredPatient :hasWaitingListN ) ClassAssertion( :RegisteredPatient :ThisPatient ) DataPropertyAssertion( :hasWaitingListN :ThisPatient "123-45-6789" ) HasKey( :Transplantation :donorId :recipientId :ofOrgan )

18. Features and Rationale Syntactic sugar New constructs for properties Extended datatypes Punning Extended annotations Some innovations Minor features

19. Extended datatypes Extra datatypes – For example, owl:real and owl:rational Datatype restrictions – Range of datatypes – For example, adult has an age >= 18 – DatatypeRestriction(xsd:integer minInclusive 18) Datatype definitions – New datatypes – DatatypeDefinition( :adultAge DatatypeRestriction(xsd:integer minInclusive 18))

20. Extended datatypes Data range combinations – Intersection of DataIntersectionOf( xsd:nonNegativeInteger xsd:nonPositiveInteger ) – Union of DataUnionOf( xsd:string xsd:integer ) – Complement of data range DataComplementOf( xsd:positiveInteger )

21. Punning Punning: “What's black and white and red all over?” Classes and individuals can have the same name thanks to punning – E.g., Eagle as a class and as an individual Properties and individuals can have the same name – E.g., is_located_in as a property and as an individual of Deprecated_Properties class

22. Punning Classes and object properties also can have the same name But classes and datatype properties can not have the same name Also datatype properties and object properties can not have the same name

23. Features and Rationale Extended Annotations – Axioms can be annotated – For example, SubClassOf( Annotation( rdfs:comment "Middle lobes of lungs are necessarily right lobes since left lungs do not have middle lobe.") :MiddleLobe :RightLobe ) Innovations – Top and Bottom properties – IRI: Internationalized Resource Identifier

24. Features and Rationale Inverse object properties: – some object property can be inverse of another property – For example, partOf and hasPart – ObjectInverseOf( :partOf ): this expression represents the inverse property of :part of – This makes writing ontologies easier by avoiding the need to name an inverse

25. Outline Introduction Features and rationale Profiles Conclusion

26. Profiles Profiles are sublanguages of OWL 2 Profiles considered – Useful computational properties, e.g., reasoning complexity – Implementation possibilities, e.g., using RDBs There are three profiles – OWL 2 EL – OWL 2 QL – OWL 2 RL

27. OWL 2 EL The EL acronym reflects the profile’s basis in the EL family of description logics This logic is also called small description logic (DL) EL This logic allows for conjunction and existential restrictions It does not allow disjunction and universal restrictions It can capture the expressive power used by many large-scale ontologies, e.g., SNOMED CT

28. OWL 2 QL The QL acronym reflects its relation to the standard relational Query Language It does not allow existential and universal restrictions to a class expression or a data range These restrictions – enable a tight integration with RDBMSs, – reasoners can be implemented on top of standard relational databases Can answer complex queries (in particular, unions of conjunctive queries) over the instance level (ABox) of the DL knowledge base

29. OWL 2 RL The RL acronym reflects its relation to the Rule Languages OWL 2 RL is desgined to accommodate – OWL 2 applications that can trade the full expressivity of the language for efficiency – RDF(S) applications that need some added expressivity from OWL 2 Existential quantification to a class, union and disjoint union to class expressions are not allowed These restrictions – allow OWL 2 RL to be implemented using rule-based technologies such as rule extended DBMSs

30. Profiles Profile selection depends on – Expressivenss required by the application – Priority given to reasoning on classes or data – Size of the datasets

31. Conclusion Most of the new features of OWL 2 in comparing with the initial version of OWL have been discussed Rationale behind the inclusion of the new features have also been discussed Three profiles – OWL 2 EL, OWL 2 QL and OWL 2 RL, and their necessity have been presented

32. Thank you! Questions?