1. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, 3 rd Edition CRAIG STANFORD JOHN S. ALLEN SUSAN C. ANTÓN

2. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 7 The Primates

3. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Primate Radiation Metatheria Prototheria Eutheria Mammals are divided into three groups:

4. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Primate Radiation (cont’d) The extraordinary diversity of nonhuman primates – 300 species of nonhuman primates are recognized – More than 400 taxa or varieties – Size and form vary greatly – Body shapes vary tremendously

5. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Primate Radiation (cont’d) Strepsirhini and Haplorhini Prosimian and Anthropoid What Exactly is a Primate?: Primate Suborders

6. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Primate Radiation (cont’d) Anatomical Traits – Grasping hands/opposable thumbs and big toes – Flattened nails – Forward-facing eyes with stereoscopic vision – Generalized body plan – Generalized teeth – Petrosal bulla – Enclosed orbits

7. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Primate Radiation (cont’d) Life History Traits – Single offspring – Large brains Encephalization Neocortex – Extended ontogeny Lifecycle – Sociality Living in groups

8. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Primate Radiation (cont’d) Behavioral Traits – Activity Patterns Diurnal Nocturnal Crepuscular (active during dawn and dusk) – Sociality Living in groups

9. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates The Strepsirhines – The Lemurs Madagascar Lemuridae Cheirogalidae Indriidae Daubentoniidae – The Lorises Tropical Africa and Asia Galagos

10. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates (cont’d) The Haplorhines – The Tarsiers – New World Monkeys – Old World Monkeys – The Hominoids

11. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates (cont’d) New World Monkeys – Infraorder Platyrrhini – Superfamily Ceboidea – Small body size – Three premolar teeth – Arboreality Prehensile tails

12. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates (cont’d) Old World Monkeys – Infraorder Catarrhini – Superfamily Cercopithecoidea – Ischial callosites – Bilophodant molars – Estrus (in some)

13. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates (cont’d) The Hominoids – Apes Hylobatidae Pongidae Encephalization Brachiation Extended ontogeny Social complexity

14. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates (cont’d) Apes – Gibbons 14 species Asia/ Indonesia – Orangutans Indonesia – Gorillas Africa – Chimpanzees Africa Bonobo/ Chimpanzee

15. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Primate Ecology Diet – Most primates are herbivores – frugivores – folivores Phenology Dietary and Digestive Strategies – Strategic foraging

16. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Primate Ecology (cont’d) You Are What You Eat: Dietary and Digestive Strategies – In general, the largest-bodied primates rely the least on insect prey – Chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys forage for insects intensively and at times consume large numbers of them – Gorillas don’t eat many insects – Very small-bodied primates rarely eat large quantities of leafy matter

17. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Primate Ecology (cont’d) Diet – Primates select food to balance an energy budget of nutrients and calories that requires them to forage all day long Diet and Feeding Competition – Nonhuman primates engage in feeding competition and use well-defined areas of their habitat to find food and shelter predation – Activity budget allows compensation for calories expended with calories consumed

18. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Primate Ecology (cont’d) Territorial Ranges – All mammals, including nonhuman primates, live in defined places called home ranges – This area can be very limited, smaller than a football field in the case of some nocturnal strepsirhines, or many square kilometers in the case of some apes and monkeys – The range must contain all the resources needed by a nonhuman primate or a social group: water, food, shelter, and mates

19. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Primate Ecology (cont’d) Predation – Nonhuman primates in the wild face challenge of finding food while avoiding attacks by predators – Failing to find food will leave a monkey hungry the next day, but failing to avoid an attack by an eagle or leopard will leave it dead or injured – Behavioral defenses against predators

20. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Primate Communities Primate communities, like communities of other animals, are integral parts of tropical forest ecosystems