1. Wednesday February 20, 2013 (Marine Life Zones and Ocean Productivity)

2. The Launch Pad Wednesday, 3/20/13 Name and briefly describe the three classifications of marine organisms. Plankton (floaters) include all marine organisms that drift with ocean currents. Nekton (swimmers) include all animals capable of moving independently of the ocean currents, by swimming or other means of propulsion. Benthos (bottom dwellers) describe organisms living on or in the ocean bottom.

3. Announcements Happy National Love Your Pet Day!

4. Announcements I will be available after school today until 5:15.

5. Assignment Currently Open Summative or Formative? Date IssuedDate Due Date Into GradeSpeed Final Day Quiz 18S32/8 2/112/25 WS – Ocean Temperature and Density F152/132/15? FRIDAY Quiz 19S42/15 ?3/1 WS – Ocean LifeF162/192/20? FRIDAY

6. Science on the International Space Station – Gateway to the Universe Recent Events in Science Read All About It! www.nasa.gov/connect/social/social_ISSs cience_feb2013.html On Wednesday Feb. 20, 150 of NASA's social media followers and their guests will have the unique opportunity to talk to three of the six crew members aboard the International Space Station, and speak with agency scientists and engineers about the ground-breaking research taking place daily on the orbiting laboratory, some 240 miles above Earth. The space station is the gateway to the rest of the universe, enabling important discoveries that benefit humanity and vastly increase our understanding of how humans can safely work, live and thrive in space for long periods. The day-long event will take place in two parts, with the morning at NASA Headquarters, 300 E St. SW in Washington. A portion of the morning will be broadcast on NASA TV from 10:00 a.m. to noon EST. In the afternoon, NASA has partnered with the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum (@airandspace) so participants will take part in a special tour of the museum and have opportunities to interact with museum experts.

7. Science on the International Space Station – Gateway to the Universe Recent Events in Science Read All About It! www.nasa.gov/connect/social/social_ISSs cience_feb2013.html Participants will have the opportunity to: Engage in a live chat with NASA astronauts Kevin Ford and Tom Marshburn, and Canadian Space Agency astronaut Chris Hadfield, currently aboard the space station. Speak with NASA astronaut Don Pettit, @Astro_Pettit, and agency scientists and engineers. Tour the NASA Headquarters Space Operations Center with live views from the International Space Station. Learn about: Current scientific experiments underway aboard the space station and new experiments planned to launch on the next SpaceX cargo resupply mission in March. Commercial and educational research opportunities enabled by the station's microgravity environment. How researchers study the effects of a weightless environment on the human body to help protect astronauts for long-duration spaceflight missions in the future. How the space station is being used to test groundbreaking, new technologies that will help astronauts safely reach new deep space destinations, including an asteroid and eventually Mars. Registration for the event will open from 9:00 a.m. EDT, Tuesday, Feb. 5 until 5:00 p.m. EST on Thursday, Feb. 7. NASA will randomly select 150 participants from the registrants. Additional applicants will be placed on a waiting list.

8. Marine Life Zones

9. Basis: Available Light – The Photic Zone

10. Basis: Available Light – The Euphotic Subdivision

11. Basis: Available Light – The Aphotic Zone

12. Basis: Distance From Shore – The Intertidal Zone

13. Basis: Distance From Shore – The Neritic Zone

14. Basis: Distance From Shore – The Oceanic Zone

15. Basis: Depth – The Pelagic Zone

16. Basis: Depth – The Benthic Zone

17. Basis: Depth – The Abyssal Subdivision

18. Marine Life Zones

19. Oceanic Productivity Some regions of the oceans are teeming with life, while other areas seem barren. The reason for this is related to the amount of primary productivity in various parts of the oceans. Primary productivity is the amount of carbon fixed by organisms through the synthesis of organic matter using energy derived from solar radiation (photosynthesis) or chemical reactions (chemosynthesis.)

20. Oceanic Productivity Two factors influence a region’s photosynthetic productivity: the availability of nutrients the amount of solar radiation The most abundant marine life exists where there is a plentiful supply of nutrients and sunlight.

21. Oceanic Productivity Primary ocean productivity is the production of organic compounds from atmospheric or aquatic carbon dioxide, principally through the process of photosynthesis. Almost all life on earth is directly or indirectly reliant on primary production. The organisms responsible for primary production are known as primary producers or autotrophs, and form the base of the food chain. In the oceans, photosynthetic phytoplankton are primarily responsible for primary production.

22. At the base of the ocean food web are single-celled algae and other plant-like organisms known as phytoplankton. Like plants on land, phytoplankton use chlorophyll and other light- harvesting pigments to carry out photosynthesis, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide to produce sugars for fuel. Chlorophyll in the water changes the way it reflects and absorbs sunlight, allowing scientists to map the amount and location of phytoplankton. These measurements give scientists valuable insights into the health of the ocean environment, and help scientists study the ocean carbon cycle.

23. Oceanic Productivity Productivity in Polar Oceans Because of nutrients rising from deeper water, high- latitude surface waters have high nutrient concentrations. However, low solar energy limits photosynthetic productivity.

24. An Example of Productivity in Polar Oceans (the Barents Sea) Figure 14.13

25. Oceanic Productivity Productivity in Tropical Oceans Productivity is low in tropical open oceans, because the thermocline eliminates the supply of nutrients from deeper waters below.

26. Productivity in Tropical Oceans Figure 14.14

27. Oceanic Productivity Productivity in Temperate Oceans Productivity in temperate oceans is seasonal. In Winter, productivity is low because days are short and the sun angle is low. In Spring, the “bloom” of phytoplankton is quickly depleted and productivity is limited. In Summer, a strong thermocline develops so surface nutrients are not replaced from below. The phytoplankton population remains relatively low In Fall, the thermocline breaks down and nutrients return to the surface. There is a short-lived Fall bloom of phytoplankton. Generally speaking the highest overall productivity occurs in temperate regions.

28. Productivity in temperate oceans – Northern Hemisphere Figure 14.15

29. Worksheet Figure 14.15 Marine Life Zones and Ocean Productivity