2. The Really Big Review of 1 st Semester Important Stuff These are the most important concepts that are very likely to appear on the CORE Test.

3. Cells All living things are composed of cells. All living things are composed of cells. There are 2 main types of cells, plant cells and animal cells. There are 2 main types of cells, plant cells and animal cells. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts and are generally rectangular in shape. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts and are generally rectangular in shape.

4. Plant Cell

5. Animal Cells Animal cells are a variety of shapes and do not have cell walls or chloroplasts. Animal cells are a variety of shapes and do not have cell walls or chloroplasts.

6. The Cell Theory Several scientists have contributed to our understanding of cells. Their work combined together is known as the cell theory. It has 3 parts: Several scientists have contributed to our understanding of cells. Their work combined together is known as the cell theory. It has 3 parts: 1.The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. 1.The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. 2.All living things are made of 1 or more cells. 2.All living things are made of 1 or more cells. 3.Cells come from pre-existing cells. 3.Cells come from pre-existing cells.

7. Cells Parts and Functions Cells have many parts that have specific jobs or functions. These “tiny organs” are called organelles. Following are some of the main important organelles and their functions. Cells have many parts that have specific jobs or functions. These “tiny organs” are called organelles. Following are some of the main important organelles and their functions. Cell Membrane: Protects the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell. Cell Membrane: Protects the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell.

8. Cell Parts and Functions Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Cell Wall – Found only in plant cells, this is a rigid outer structure that provides support for the plant cell. Cell Wall – Found only in plant cells, this is a rigid outer structure that provides support for the plant cell.

9. Cell Parts and Functions Nucleus – This is the control center of the cell and it also contains the cells DNA. Nucleus – This is the control center of the cell and it also contains the cells DNA.

10. Cell Parts and Functions Chloroplasts – These green organelles are found only in plant cells. They contain the chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts – These green organelles are found only in plant cells. They contain the chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis. Mitochondria – These cell organelles are found in plant and animal cells. They break down sugar to make energy. Mitochondria – These cell organelles are found in plant and animal cells. They break down sugar to make energy.

11. Cell Transport It is necessary for cells to move materials across their membranes. There are several ways for them to do this. It is necessary for cells to move materials across their membranes. There are several ways for them to do this. Diffusion – The movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Diffusion – The movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Osmosis – A special kind of diffusion that involves the movement of water across a semi- permeable membrane. Osmosis – A special kind of diffusion that involves the movement of water across a semi- permeable membrane.

12. Diffusion Movement from high concentration to low concentration. Movement from high concentration to low concentration. http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/diffusio n.html http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/diffusio n.html

13. Osmosis Movement of water across a semi- permeable membrane. Movement of water across a semi- permeable membrane.

14. Characteristics of Life  There are 7 Major Characteristics that all living creatures have in common.  1.Organisms must obtain Energy.  2.Organisms must use Energy.  3.Organisms must be able to reproduce.  4.Organisms must respond to changes.  5.Organisms must get rid of waste.  6.Organisms are made of cells.  7.Organisms have a life span.

15. Theories of Life  Spontaneous Generation – Life came from non-living sources.  Biogenesis – Life comes from life.

16. Life  A living part of the natural environment is called a biotic factor.  A non-living, or once living, part of the environment is called an abiotic factor.

17. Theories of Adaptation  An adaptation is a change in a species over a long period of time.  Two scientists have contributed ideas about adaptations.

18. Theories of Adaptation  Sir Charles Darwin developed a theory called natural selection. We know his theory as survival of the fittest.

19. Theories of Adaptation  Jean Baptiste Lemarck developed a theory called acquired characteristics. He believed that an organism could change during its own lifetime and that the change would pass to its offspring.

20. Ways to Obtain Energy  An organism that can make its own food through the process of photosynthesis is known as a producer or an autotroph.

21. Ways to obtain energy  An organism that must get its energy from organisms is called a consumer or a heterotroph.

22. Ways to obtain energy  Something that obtains its energy by feeding on dead or decaying matter is called a decomposer.

23. Classification ► Putting organisms into groups based on similar characteristics is called classification. ► In order to classify a living organism it is important to carefully observe its structure. ► The more characteristics that a creature has in common with another creature the more closely they are related

24. Classification ► The science of naming and describing organisms is called taxonomy. ► A scientific name must have 2 parts. The first part should always be capitalized, it represents the species’ Genus. The second part is always lower case and it represents the species of the organism.

25. Classification ► There are 7 levels of classification in the modern system. The largest and most general level is the Kingdom level. The smallest and most specific is the species level. ► Two levels of classification are used for taxonomy, they are the genus and species levels.

26. Classification ► A classification key is a list of statements that a person can use to identify an organism. http://www.usoe.org/curr/science/sciber00/7t h/classify/sciber/taxokey.htm http://www.usoe.org/curr/science/sciber00/7t h/classify/sciber/taxokey.htm

27. Discussion Question ► Why has the classification system changed so many times over the centuries that people have been attempting to place organisms into groups?

28. Kingdoms There are 6 Kingdoms of Life There are 6 Kingdoms of Life 1.Archaebacteria 1.Archaebacteria 2.Eubacteria 2.Eubacteria 3.Protista 3.Protista 4.Fungi 4.Fungi 5.Plantae 5.Plantae 6.Animalia 6.Animalia

29. Kingdoms Multi-cellular organisms that can move (mostly) belong to the Kingdom Animalia. Multi-cellular organisms that can move (mostly) belong to the Kingdom Animalia. Green multi-cellular organisms that produce their own food are grouped into the Kingdom Plantae. Green multi-cellular organisms that produce their own food are grouped into the Kingdom Plantae. Organisms that break down dead or decaying matter as a means to obtain their energy are part of the Kingdom Fungi. Organisms that break down dead or decaying matter as a means to obtain their energy are part of the Kingdom Fungi.

30. Kingdoms Ancient bacteria that thrive in extreme environments make up the Kingdom Archaebacteria. Ancient bacteria that thrive in extreme environments make up the Kingdom Archaebacteria. All other types of bacteria belong to the Kingdom Eubacteria. All other types of bacteria belong to the Kingdom Eubacteria. Organisms that don’t seem to fit into any other Kingdom are placed into the Kingdom Protista. Organisms that don’t seem to fit into any other Kingdom are placed into the Kingdom Protista.

31. Discussion Question Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on the earth. Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on the earth. Why have bacteria been so successful? Why have bacteria been so successful?

32. What is Ecology Ecology is the interactions between various organisms and their environments. Ecology is the interactions between various organisms and their environments. This includes interactions between living and non living factors. This includes interactions between living and non living factors.

33. Symbiosis What are the various types of symbiosis? What are the various types of symbiosis?

34. Symbiosis Mutualism-close relationship where both organisms benefit. Mutualism-close relationship where both organisms benefit. Commensalism-close relationships where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. Commensalism-close relationships where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. Parasitism-close relationship where one organism benefits and the other is negatively affected. Parasitism-close relationship where one organism benefits and the other is negatively affected.

35. Natural Selection The changes that make organisms better suited to their environments develop through a process called Natural Selection. The changes that make organisms better suited to their environments develop through a process called Natural Selection. Individuals in a population have different characteristics. Those individuals whose characteristics are best suited for their environment tend to survive and produce offspring. Individuals in a population have different characteristics. Those individuals whose characteristics are best suited for their environment tend to survive and produce offspring.

36. Adaptations Every organisms has a variety of adaptations that are suited to its specific living conditions. Every organisms has a variety of adaptations that are suited to its specific living conditions. The organisms particular roles or how it makes its living, is called its niche. The organisms particular roles or how it makes its living, is called its niche. Frozen Frogs Frozen Frogs Frozen Frogs Frozen Frogs Leaf Mantis Leaf Mantis Leaf Mantis Leaf Mantis

37. How do we use genetics to benefit us? Dairy Farmers sometimes only breed the cows that produce the best milk. Over time the milk product is better because only the best cows are reproducing. Dairy Farmers sometimes only breed the cows that produce the best milk. Over time the milk product is better because only the best cows are reproducing.

38. Inherited vs. Acquired All of these characteristics we have discussed are inherited. That means they are passed on from parent to offspring. All of these characteristics we have discussed are inherited. That means they are passed on from parent to offspring. Acquired characteristics are just the opposite. They are acquired during the life of the organism and not passed on to their offspring. Just because your Dad was really good at football doesn’t mean you will be. He acquired that trait. Acquired characteristics are just the opposite. They are acquired during the life of the organism and not passed on to their offspring. Just because your Dad was really good at football doesn’t mean you will be. He acquired that trait.