1. Cells & Cell Structures 9th Grade Science 2012

2. Cell Structures Animal Cell Plant Cell

3. Your Cell Organizer Each structure has it’s own picture and definition We’ll color or outline each structure in the main animal or plant cell picture, and it’s own “highlight” picture, using the same color in both places. We’ll fill in the name and function of each organelle in the boxes provided. Refer to pgs 112-113 in your book.

4. Nucleus Function: the “brain” or “library” Manages cell functions Contains the cell’s genetic information Features: Nucleolus and chromatin found inside

5. Nucleus Features cont’d: Nuclear membrane surrounds the outside the “baggy” that holds the nucleus separate from the rest of the cell, contains pores for transport of material in and out Makes a cell a eukaryote

6. 6 Nucleolus Function: Makes ribosomes Features: Part of the nucleus

7. Cytoplasm the fluid of the cell Function: Supports organelles (like pieces of fruit in jelly) Allows chemical reactions Features: Jelly-like 70-90% water

8. Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane) Function: “Baggie” that holds the cell together. Barrier to the outside environment. Feature 1: found around outside of cell Feature 2: Selectively permeable: only allows certain substances in and out of cell.

9. Mitochondria Function: the center of cell respiration Converts glucose (sugar) from food to useable form of energy called ATP. ATP is used by cells to do work. Feature: double membranes, own DNA. Both plants and animals have mitochondria

10. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Function: Specializes in making proteins and transporting them Feature: Long membrane “channels” Attached to nuclear membrane. Does have ribosomes attached

11. Ribosomes Function: make proteins for the cell to use Feature: Found in two places Floating free in the cytoplasm Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

12. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Function: transport and communication, Synthesis of fats (lipids) & carbohydrates Features: No ribosomes attached, has tubes and canals.

13. Golgi Apparatus (Complex, Bodies) Function: Makes membranes, creates some products for secretion, packages proteins for storage and/or shipment Feature: Looks like stacks of pancakes Many layers of membranes

14. Lysosome Function: Used to break down worn out parts of the cell, destroy bacteria, digest foreign particles, remove toxic wastes. Feature: Baggies of enzymes About 40 types

15. 15 Vesicles Function: Carry finished products to interior or exterior of cell. Feature: membranes formed from Golgi, “Freight trucks”

16. 16 Centrioles Function: manufacture proteins for the cytoskeleton Features: rings of tubes; a pair at 90° before cell division.

17. Vacuoles (Both) Function: Stores organic materials made by plant, sugars, water or wastes; in animal cells, if present, stores excess water. Feature: large fluid- filled sac (“storage baggie,” in plant cells; very small and only a few in animal cells

18. Cell Wall (Plants only!) Function: Provides rigid support and structure to plant cells Features: Found outside the cell membrane. Made mostly of carbohydrate

19. Chloroplast (Plants only!) Function: convert light energy into food (sugars and starches) Features: contain pigments (like chlorophyll) that help capture light energy Own DNA Plastids: Baggies used to store the pigments

20. 20 Cytoskeleton Function: provide structure & support to cell; framework for movement within cells. Features: lattice/matrix of protein filaments and “motor proteins.”

21. Organelles Animal Cell Plant Cell

24. A Venn Diagram A way to find similarities and differences We’re going to compare the cells of prokaryotes, plants and animals Use list of cell structures & organelles from notes and organizer Putting each one into the “zones” they belong in If in more than one, put into the shared overlapping zone

25. Cell Specialization In complex organisms, cells go from generic to specialized After fertilization cells are called stem cells Start out out with no specific job to do Will change over many divisions into cells with a specific job and location Stem cells have the potential to become any specific cell.

26. Specialization Process All new cells (except red blood cells) contain a complete copy of the genetic code As the organism develops genes are turned on and off in a specific order The sequence tells the cell to mature into a certain type of cell The process is called specialization or differentiation

27. Using Stem Cells Much excitement about using them to help cure disease Replace pancreas cells for people with diabetes Replace bone marrow cells for people with leukemia Re-grow nerve cells for people who are paralyzed Re-grow whole body parts for transplant?

28. Organelles, cont. Some organelles are involved in transforming energy from one form to another (chemical, mechanical, etc). Some convert sunlight to food Others break down food into energy useable for work in the cell.

29. Organelles, cont. Some organelles are part of a system of protein synthesis (to put together) Assembly Transport Storage