1. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon forms _______________ bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. –_______________ chain –_______________

2. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. –_______________ are the individual subunits. – _______________ are made of many monomers.

3. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. _______________________ are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

4. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. –Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. –Monosaccharides are _______________ sugars. –Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen. ________ __________

5. Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide _______________ _______________. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (_______________ ) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Found in plants Polymer (_______________ ) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure Found in plant cell walls monomer

6. –Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. –Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include _______________, _______________, and _______________. Triglyceride Lipids have several different functions: –broken down as a source of _______________ energy –make up cell _______________ – used to make _______________

7. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. –_______________ fatty acids

8. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. –_______________ phosphate “head” –_______________ fatty acid “tails” Phospholipid

9. – Amino acids are linked by _______________ bonds. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. –Amino acids differ in remainder groups, or ____ groups. –_______________ different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

10. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. –Amino acids _______________ to give a protein its shape. –Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s _______________ and _______________. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin

11. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base deoxyribose (sugar) _______________ are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

12. – DNA stores genetic _______________ Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. –Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. –RNA builds _______________. DNA RNA