1. The LHCb Experiment presented at Digital Divide and HEPGRID Workshop Rio de Janeiro, Feb 2004 Tatsuya Nakada CERN and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland

2. CP Violation We know two examples which shows matter world  anti-matter world. CP symmetry is violated !!

3. Evolution of Universe matter anti-matter amount of matter = amount of anti-matter our universe only with matter big bang

4. We see no anti nucleus in the cosmic ray. We se no  rays from pp annihilation in space. Conclusion No evidence of anti matter in our domain of universe. (~20 Mps  10 8 light-years) Can our universe be “inverse” Emmental Cheese? Difficult!! Most likely, no anti matter in our universe. (~3000 Mps  10 10 light-years) Void matter anti matter What do we know?

5. Two key numbers Number of baryons (N B ) Number of photons (N  )   ~   cosmic microwave background radiation stars, gas etc. Number of baryons now  but  N B  N B N B  N B _ _   ~   1 baryon out of   did not annihilate and survived.

6. How can we generate from N B  N B  initial condition for Big Bang at t  ? N B  N B N B  N B _ _   ~   Necessary conditions: 1) Baryon number violations: initial and final baryon numbers are different. 2) C and CP violation: partial decay widths are different. 3) Out of equilibrium: no reversing reaction installing the initial state. (A.Sakharov, 1967) _

7. Discovery of CP violation in particle physics: J.H. Christenson et al., PRL 1964 K L       X K L  p  = p  + p   = angle between p KL and p  If X = 0, p  = p KL  : cos  = 1 If X  0, p   p KL  : cos   1 cos  KLKL  m (     ) < m K m (     ) = m K m (     ) > m K Why K L      is CP?

8. neutral kaon decay time distribution anti-neutral kaon decay time distribution CP violation  CPLEAR Experiment (1999) CP violation in a more intuitive way! Initial K 0       CP transformation  Initial K 0     

9. BABAR and Belle Experiments (2002) t = 0 J/  K S B0B0 B0B0 CP t similarly... CP violation

10. How to generate CP violation? 1) Since CPT is respected, CP is like T 2) T transformation is like making complex conjugation: e  iEt  T  e iEt 3) T transformation to the Hamiltonian operator H H  T  H  if H  H , e  iH t  e iH*t  e iH t T i.e. CP

11. Standard Model and CP violation U = uctuct D = dsbdsb Up type quark spinor field Q =  Down type quark spinor field Q =  Weak interactionneutral current charged current: W  dLdL cLcL WW V cd coupling example there are  = 9 V’s Strong interactiongluons Electromagnetic interactionphotons

12. Electroweak theory with 3 families can naturally accommodate CP violation in the charged current induced interactions through the complex Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa quark mixing matrix V, with 4 parameters. One family (u, d): V real Two families (u, d), (c, s): V real Three families (u, d), (c, s), (t, b): V can be complex

13. Problem!! CP violation in the K and B meson decays can be explained by the Standard Model. New source for CP violation beyond the Standard Model in the particle world? CP violation in the universe cannot be explained by the Standard Model. N B  N B N B  N B _ _   ~   Universe: N B  N B N B  N B _ _  ~   Standard Model:

14. New source of CP violation X q q complex coupling constant X: Super Symmetric Particles, Multi-Higgs doublets, etc. CP transformation contains complex conjugation: e  iH t  e iH*t i.e. H*  H  CP violation Search for unexpected effects in CP violation and rare decays in B u, B d, B s, B c and b-baryons.

15. At LHC p 7 TeV=   cal 1g of those p’s = 20 days of US energy consumption p 7 TeV LHCb detector 14 TeV mini bang ~100 times more B mesons then before

16. (Pre)History -high luminosity e+e- B factories proposed at Cornell, DESY, KEK, Novosibirsk, PSI and SLAC (since 1985…) realised at SLAC and KEK in 2000 -Idea to use high energy hadron machines as a source of B mesons CERN pp collider, FNAL pp collider and LHC Study of CP violation in B meson decays with high statistics At LHC three proto-experiments GAJET (internal gas target), COBEX (collider mode) and LHB (extracted fix target beam) Expressions of Interest in Letters of Intent in

17. Joint experiment, LHCb: a forward spectrometer in collider mode Letter of Intent in August 1995: encouragement from LHCC UFRJ group joined the LHCb Collaboration in 1997 S. Amato, J.R.T. de Mello, L. de Paula, M. Gandelman, J.H. Lopes and M. Marechal The group has worked in the DELPHI experiment: -data analysis, participating in detector construction by sending people at CERN (mainly PhD students) Technical Proposal in February 1998 (S. Amato et al.) recommended for an approval by LHCC in July 1998 b-b correlation b b bb b b bb Both b and b are in the spectrometer.

18. Draft Interim Memorandum of Understanding prepared Total cost 86 MCHF (inclu. common fund 24.5 MCHF) examined by the “CORE” committee Funding discussion with the funding agencies by the participating institutes. Brazilian contribution in IMoU = 1.8 M CHF to the detector cost the detector (Muon system) + common fund with an aim to construct a part of the muon chambers and contribute to the front-end electronics. Total request to the funding agency (more than 1.8MCHF) included participation to the R&D preparing the infrastructure for the construction and test travel expense necessary for the installation, commissioning, data taking, analysis meeting at CERN. The idea was to ask for a global “project” money and manage locally.  flexibility is important!

19. LHCb Resource Review Board (RRB) at CERN in September 1998 Most of the funding agencies expressed positively their financial contribution to the LHCb experiment Brazil: C. Aragao (UFRJ, head of the Physics Institute) Extract from the Minutes; “C. Aragao reported the result of a visit to Brasilia with B. Marechal, the Brazilian representative on the Collaboration Board. The project was presented to the President of the Research Council (CNPq) who assured them that Brazil would contribute to the Common Fund should the experiment be approved and appear to consider the 0.824 MUSD request for detector construction to be reasonable. A more detailed request was subsequently submitted for seven annual contribution of 200 kUSD giving a total of 1.4 MUSD. No final comment has been received but, at the suggestion of the President, a workshop will be held in November in Rio, at which details of the experiment and the Brazilian part of the project will be presented to members of the CNPq. It is hoped to have a clearer indication of likely participation by then. C. Aragao said that, at the present time, he was authorised to say that Brazil will participate in the Common Fund and will be studying participation in detector construction at the level indicated in IMoU.”

20. Recommendation by LHCC and positive outcome from RRB CERN management approved the experiment in September 1998 Rio workshop on the LHCb experiment in January 1999 organized by B. Marechal sponsored by CNPq presentation by T. Nakada: physics and organization H.J. Hilke (Technical Coordinator): detector J. Christiansen (Electronics Coordinator) electronics B. Schmidt (Muon system convener) with participation by people from funding agencies (Rio and Brasilia) UFRJ management etc. -very positively received. -understanding on how high energy physics manages itself increased. -a visit by the CNPq president to CERN in the occasion of the LHCb RRB in April 1999 discussed.

21. LHCb magnet Technical Design Report: December 1999 Superconductive coil  Normal conductive coil 16.5 MCHF (TP)  6MCF LHCb MoU for the construction of the LHCb detector: finalised in November 2000 Detector CostFunding expectedfrom Brazil TP 86 MCHF~70 MCHF1.8 MCHF MoU 75 MCHF73 MCHF1.8 MCHF

22. February 2001 CBPF joined in the LHCb collaboration September 2001 LHCb Collaboration meeting was held in Ilha de Itacuruca, Brazil October 2000, Visit to CNPq Brasilia by C. Aragao, B. Marechal and T. Nakada July 2002 Visit to CERN by the minister of State for Science and Technology Joint letter signed by the minister and DG for an extended cooperation.

23. All the subsystem TDR’s have been approved. Computing TDR to be submitted in 2005. Detector construction advancing…

24. Beam Pipe Al window Done by the LHC vacuum group

25. Magnet Yoke Assembly of the lower halfPlates are fixed by tie-rods Lower half completedAssembly of the sides in progress

26. VELO Prototype Test Construction of VELO tank support stand Si sensor test beam set-upWake-field suppressor and RF foil design constructed

27. RICH2 RICH2 exit window being made

28. Calorimeter Ecal modules: 100% constructedHcal modules: 30% constructed SPD/Preshower production started

29. Muon system First series production chambers Frascati CERN Frascati Clean Room panel on wiring machine soldering table assembly tables

30. At the time of LHCb RRB October 2003 MoU all signed except: Brazil??? Germanyfunding was guaranteed at the meeting Polandinstitute are receiving funding Detector CostFunding expectedFrom Brazil TP (1998) 86 MCHF~70 MCHF1.8 MCHF MoU (2000)75 MCHF73 MCHF1.8 MCHF Oct. 200373 MCHF71 MCHFsince no clear information available we had to assume 0

31. Brazilian contribution to the construction of the experiment up to now People visiting CERN, Marseille and Rome participating in the R&D, construction and testing of the experiment: PhD students Muon chambers supported by Muon Front-end electronics (VLSI) Brazil (~1 year)Muon trigger system Postdocs andMuon chambers senior scientistsMuon electronics (test system) supported byMuon Experimental Control System Brazil (few weeksCore software development for to several months) andon- and offline collaboration(few weeks several months)

32. Work done at their home institute CBPFMuon chamber test system Muon electronics test system Core software development UFRJCore software development Large volume MC data production local expertise in detector physicists Infrastructure i.e. equipped workshop and laboratories Small local funding for components local expertise physicists with IT know-how Infrastructure small CPU cluster Small local funding for CPU

33. data production in 2003 Using LHCb home made software tools for distributed production management. Only you need is a reasonable-good link! No special middleware required.

34. Brazilian contribution to physics Physics performance study using MC data at home institute UFRJ by PhD students and senior physicists reconstruction of various decay modes J/  K S, J/  K *. DK * etc… reconstruction efficiency, signal over background, propertime resolution, etc… Extraction of CP violation parameters  and  Work is done in the framework of Physics Performance Task Force: short visits weekly meeting with VRVS and/or phone regular e-mail discussion many LHCb notes, LHCb reoptimization TDR, conference talk

35. How do we plan to continue? Muon system test of the front-end VLSI chips in Rio test of the front-end cards in Italy/CERN test of wire chambers at CERN ECS development in Rio/Italy Installation and commissioning at CERN Trigger Development of High Level Trigger algorithm in Rio Development of online system software framework in Rio Computing Analysis framework software development in Rio/CERN Data production in Rio Physics study in Rio

36. Impressive list of contribution but there are serious problems… No long term funding approved: Cannot fulfil “minimal” duty to the collaboration, i.e. annual contribution to the Maintenance and Operation cost till the end of data analysis. Difficult to under take a long term commitment. No flexible funding was available: Travel cannot be arranged with a short notice (< 3 months) Missing chances to give a talk in several conferences Cannot participate in many important meetings: However, some progress is being made here…

37. Conclusions 1)LHCb experiment will search for new physics beyond the Standard Model in a complimentary way to ATLAS and CMS 2)LHCb is consciously adjusting the project to the funding situation without loosing physics performance 3)Brazil has been in the collaboration since 1997. Originally anticipated level of contribution to the detector construction (1.8 MCHF) does not seem to be realised. (MoU not signed) 4)Despite of this difficult situation, CPBF and UFRJ groups are making well appreciated contribution in developing test systems, on and offline software, data production and physics studies. 5)GRID is a great help but not a solution for the real problem. They still need a long term funding to cover the maintenance and operation and trip to CERN to fully participate in the preparation, data taking, and physics analysis, i.e. exploiting their contribution (a few 100k CHF/year).