1. Preventing Violence and Injury

2. Preventing Violence and Injury
Violence is a set of behaviors that produces injuries, as well as the outcomes of these behaviors (the injuries themselves).
Intentional injuries include injury, death, or psychological harm caused by violence with the intent to harm.
Homicide and suicide are the second and third leading causes of death in young adults.
Unintentional injuries include injury, death, or psychological harm caused unintentionally, often as a result of circumstance.
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3. Violence in the United States
Unintentional injuries, particularly from motor vehicle crashes, are the number one cause of death among 15–24-year-olds in the United States.
After steadily increasing from 1973 to 2006, the rates of overall crime have been decreasing recently.
Violent crimes involve force or threat of force, and include murder, non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
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4. Violence in the United States (cont.)
Most violence is underreported.
Disparities in crime rates exist based on race, sex, age, socioeconomic status, geography, and other factors.
Last year, there were an estimated 4.3 million crimes against U.S. residents aged 12 and older.
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5. Crime Clock
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6. Violence on U.S. Campuses
The most deadly mass shooting in U.S. history took place at Virginia Tech on April 16, 2007.
Today it would be hard to find a campus without a safety plan in place.
Ninety-three percent of crimes against college students occur at off-campus locations.
Almost 8% of women and 3.8% of men report being stalked.
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7. ABC News Video: Hazing Discussion Questions
In what ways can hazing be detrimental to one's health, both physically and mentally?
Why do you think some people stood up to the hidden-camera hazers while others did not? What would you do if you witnessed a hazing situation?
What can you do in your community to discourage hazing? Can you think of any alternatives to hazing that might offer more healthy and constructive ways to join a fraternity or sorority?
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8. 310-233-4600 Sheriff’s Extension
LAHC
Sheriff’s Extension
In an emergency, dial 311 from any campus phone.
The blue phone poles around campus will connect you directly to the Sheriff’s office by pressing the red talk button.
Please only use these phone poles for emergency calls.
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9. Factors Contributing to Violence
Poverty
Unemployment
Parental influence
Cultural beliefs
Discrimination or
oppression
Religious beliefs and
differences
Political differences
Breakdowns in the criminal justice system
Stress
Heavy substance
use
Use the What do you think? Box and ask students to evaluate this list to identify what they think contribute most to violence.
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10. What Makes Some People Prone to Violence?
Personal factors can also increase risks for violence.
Emerging evidence suggests that the family and home environment may be the greatest contributor to eventual violent behavior.
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11. Predictors of Violence
People who anger quickly often have low tolerance for frustration.
Aggressive behavior may be primary aggression that is goal-directed, hostile self-assertion that is destructive in nature.
Reactive aggression is part of an emotional reaction brought about by frustrating life experiences.
Substance abuse is closely linked to violence, even though research has failed to show it causes violence.
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12. How Much Impact Do the Media Have?
Although early studies supported a link between the violent media and subsequent violent behavior, recent work fails to support this association.
Today, young people are exposed to more violence through media than at any other time, without a corresponding increase in violent behavior.
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13. Intentional Injuries
Intentional injuries cause pain and suffering at the very least, and death and disability at the worst.
Homicide is the 15th leading cause of death overall and the 2nd cause of death for people age 15–24.
Most homicides are not random acts of violence—more than half of all homicides occur among people who know one another.
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14. Hate and Bias Crimes
A hate crime is committed against a person, property, or group of people with the motivation fueled by the offender's bias against race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.
Bias-related crime, or ethnoviolence, describes violence against ethnic groups in the larger society that is based on prejudice and discrimination.
More white people commit hate crimes than other ethnic groups (62% white, 18.5% committed by blacks and the remaining offenders race was listed as various or unknown.
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15. Bias-Motivated Crimes, 2009
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16. Reasons for Hate and Bias Crimes
Common reasons given to explain these crimes include
Thrill seeking
Feeling threatened
Retaliation
Fearing the unknown
For some, hate crimes are a part of their mission in life due to religious zeal or distorted moral beliefs.
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17. Gang Violence
Gang violence includes drug and sex trafficking, shootings, beatings, thefts, carjackings, and the killing of innocent victims caught in the cross fire.
Gang members are usually 12–22 years old.
Risk factors for gang membership include low self-esteem, academic problems, low socioeconomic status, alienation from family and society, family violence, and living in gang-controlled neighborhoods.
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18. Terrorism
Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
Effects on the economy include costs of food and fuel, travel restrictions, additional security measures, and military buildups.
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19. Violence in a Relationship
Domestic violence is the use of force to control or maintain power over another person in the home environment, involving both actual harm and the threat of harm.
Intimate partner violence occurs between two people in an intimate relationship (current or former spouses, or dating partners).
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20. ABC News Video: Private Battles in Public Places
Discussion Questions
Have you ever witnessed a situation similar to those shown in the video? What action did you take to make sure the situation did not escalate further into violence?
What else could the bystanders in the video do to protect a potential victim in a situation similar to those shown in the video?
Why do you think so many people ignored the situation and failed to help the potential victim? Why do you think more women intervened than men? Why do you think people's reactions were so different when the couple was African-American instead of Caucasian?
How do you think you would react in the same situation?
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21. The cycle of violence consists of three major phases Tension building
Incident of acute battering
Remorse/reconciliation
There is no single reason to explain abuse in relationships, although alcohol abuse is often associated with it and marital dissatisfaction is also a predictor.
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22. Child Maltreatment: Child Abuse and Neglect
Child maltreatment is defined as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.
Child abuse refers to acts of commission, or deliberate or intentional words or actions, that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child.
Neglect is an act of omission, meaning failure to provide for a child.
The abuse may be sexual, psychological, physical, or any combination.
Neglect is an act of omission, meaning a failure to provide for a child's basic physical, emotional, or educational needs or to protect the child from harm or potential harm.
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23. Child Maltreatment
An estimated 3.3 million cases of child abuse were reported in 2009, covering the alleged maltreatment of about 6 million children.
The most common perpetrators are the child's biological parents.
Frequently, the perpetrator is mid-twenties, without a high school diploma, living at or below the poverty level, depressed, socially isolated, with poor self-image, and with difficulty coping with stressful situations.
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24. By 2030 the number of people over age 65
Elder Abuse
By 2030 the number of people over age 65
will exceed 71 million, or double the number
in 2000.
Many victims fail to report abuse due to embarrassment, or because they don't want the abuser to get in trouble, or because they fear the abuser will retaliate by putting them in a nursing home.
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25. Both men and women are susceptible, and young people are even more so.
Sexual Victimization
Sexual victimization is any situation in which an individual is coerced or forced to comply with or endure another's sexual acts or overtures.
Both men and women are susceptible, and young people are even more so.
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26. Sexual Assault and Rape
Sexual assault is an act in which one person is sexually intimate with another person without that person's consent.
Rape is sexual penetration without the victim's consent.
Aggravated rape involves one or multiple attackers, strangers, weapons, or physical beating.
Simple rape is rape by one person, usually known to the victim, that does not involve physical beating or use of a weapon.
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27. Only 16% of all rapes are reported.
Rape Statistics
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control reported that 1 in 6 women and 1 in 33 men experienced an attempted or completed rape at some time in their lives.
Over 41% of male rape victims were first raped before age 12, and most of these rapes were committed by someone the victim knew.
Only 16% of all rapes are reported.
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28. Acquaintance Rape
Acquaintance rape is rape in which the rapist is known to the victim, even if only minimally.
This type of rape is particularly common on college campuses, where alcohol and drug use can impair young people's judgment and self-control.
Most acquaintance rapes happen to women aged 15–24, and the most likely victim is an year-old new college student.
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29. Rape on U.S. Campuses
About 12% of college women have been raped, and many of these rapes resulted in injury.
Some estimates are that 25% of college women have experienced an attempted or completed rape in college.
Most rapes are committed by someone known to the victim and involve alcohol, Rohypnol, or GHB.
All universities must have educational programs about rape and available counseling for victims.
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30. Marital Rape
Marital rape can be any unwanted intercourse or penetration (vaginal, anal, or oral) obtained by force, threat of force, or when the spouse is unable to consent.
Women under age 25, and from lower socioeconomic groups are at highest risk, along with women raised in male-dominated cultures.
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31. Child Sexual Abuse
Sexual abuse of children by adults or older children includes suggestive conversations; inappropriate kissing; touching; petting; oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse; and other kinds of sexual interaction.
Rates of abuse range from 3.0 to 32.2%, and girls are at higher risk.
About 90% of children know their abuser and in 70% of cases the abuser is a family member, most often male.
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32. Sexual harassment can affect both men and women.
Defined as unwelcome sexual contact that is related to any condition of employment or evaluation of student performance
Sexual harassment can affect both men and women.
Peers can harass one another, too.
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33. "Terms" of Sexual Harassment
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical contact of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when
Submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of employment or education
Submission to or rejection of such conduct is used as the basis for employment or education-related decisions affecting the individual
Conduct is severe or pervasive enough that it has the effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work or academic performance
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34. Stopping Sexual Harassment
If you feel you are being harassed, be assertive and
Tell the harasser to stop
Document the harassment
Try to make sure you are not alone with the harasser
Complain to a higher authority
Remember, you have not done anything wrong
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35. Stalking
Stalking is defined as a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear.
Stalking is an underreported crime, and millions are stalked each year, usually following relationship break-ups.
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36. Stalkers may have deficits in social skills.
They are young and have not learned how to deal with complex social relationships and situations.
They may not realize their behavior constitutes stalking.
They have a flexible schedule and free time.
They are not accountable to authority figures.
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37. Social Contributors to Sexual Violence
Certain societal assumptions and traditions can promote sexual violence, including
Minimization
Trivialization
Blaming the victim
Pressure to be macho
Male socialization
Male misperceptions
Situational factors
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38. Strategies for Preventing Intentional Injuries
Self defense against personal assault and rape
Speak in a strong voice
Maintain eye contact
Stand up straight, act confident, and remain alert.
If you are attacked, act immediately. Scream
"fire" loudly. Research shows people are
more likely to help if they hear the word "fire"
rather than just a scream.
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39. What to Do If Rape Occurs
Call
Do not bathe, shower, clean up, or touch anything the attacker touched.
Save, and do not launder, the clothes you were wearing. Bring clean clothes to the clinic or hospital.
Contact the rape assistance hotline in your area.
If a friend is raped:
Believe her;
Recognize rape is a violent crime;
Encourage her to see a doctor;
Encourage her to report the crime;
Be understanding;
Recognize that this is an emotional recover and it may take time to bounce back;
Encourage her to seek counseling.
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40. Campus-wide Responses to Violence
Prevention and early response efforts
Cell phone alerts, s, reverse 9-1-1
Changes in campus environment
Campus lighting, parking lot security, emergency call boxes, stepped-up security
Campus law enforcement
Coping in the event of campus violence
Community mourning, memorial services, preventing future problems
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41. Unintentional Injuries
Motor vehicle crashes and cycling incidents cause numerous deaths and injuries every year.
Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death for people aged 15–44.
Bicycle injuries account for more than 500,000 emergency room visits each year.
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42. Impaired driving is the single greatest risk for all drivers.
Vehicle Safety
Impaired driving is the single greatest risk for all drivers.
Distracted driving, either visual, manual, or cognitive, can lead to trouble.
Risk management driving reduces the chance of being involved in a collision.
Ask students to identify the 13 risk management techniques that can be used. See page 129 in the text book.
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43. Accident-Avoidance Techniques
To avoid a serious accident, the Automobile Association of America recommends
Generally, veer to the right.
Steer, don't skid.
If you have to hit a vehicle, hit one moving in same direction as you.
If you hit a stationary object, try to hit a soft rather than hard object.
Avoid hitting pedestrians, motorcyclists, and bicyclists at all costs.
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44. Always wear a bike helmet.
Cycling Safety
There are about 630 cycling fatalities each year, and over 51,000 injuries.
About 40% of fatalities involved alcohol; nearly 25 percent of cyclists killed were legally impaired.
To avoid accidents, avoid alcohol, wear reflective clothing, know hand signals, avoid phone use or listening to music.
Always wear a bike helmet.
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