1. Vulnerabilities of Clients Seeking Services for Intimate Partner Violence: Does Hispanic Ethnicity and Birthplace Matter? 1 School of Nursing and Health Studies, 2 School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami e, Date, 2012 State of the Science Congress on Nursing Research, Washington, DC Center of Excellence for Health Disparities Research Research reported in this presentation was supported by the National Institute On Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P60MD002266. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. 1 Gonzalez-Guarda, R.M., 2 Fernandez, M., 1 Mitchell, E. & 1 Lopez, J.

2. Background and Significance Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), physical, sexual, psychological abuse and/or stalking by a current or previous partner, is significant public health problem Racial and ethnic minority groups appear to be disproportionately affected by IPV Little is known about differences among victims of IPV that can account for these differences, especially within Hispanic sub-groups (Bonomi et al., 2009; Caetano, Field, Ramisetty-Mikler & McGrath, 2005; CDC, 2011)

3. Intersecting Vulnerabilities: The Multicultural Power and Control Wheel (Chavis & Hill, 2009, pg. 128)

4. Purpose 1.Explore differences in individual, relationship and abuse vulnerabilities among White, Black and Hispanic victims seeking services for IPV 2.Explore variations in these characteristics among Hispanics from different countries of birth

5. Conceptual Framework Individual Characteristic Age Income Health insurance Relationship Characteristics Marital status Living with partner Financial dependence Abuse Characteristics Type of abuse Abuse duration Weapon used Race/ Ethnicity of Victim White Black Hispanic Birthplace Cuba Nicaragua U.S.

6. Methods Design Secondary data analysis Cross-sectional Sample & Setting Family Justice Center in South Florida Measures Intake Form Procedures Data entry of paper doc into research database QA Analysis ANOVA Chi-square analysis Clients Seen 3/11 - 9/11 n = 539 Victims of IPV n = 380 Hispanic IPV Victims’ Birthplace n = 238 US (n=120) Cuba (n=53) Colombia (n=34) Nicaragua (n=31) White, Black and Hispanic Victims of IPV n = 368

7. Results: Does Race/Ethnicity Matter? White %(n) or M (SD) Black %(n) or M (SD) Hispanic %(n) or M (SD) Test Statistic χ²(df,n) F(df,df) Individual Age35.81(10.67)32.09(10.41)35.73 (11.21)F(2,365)= 3.00 Income (month)876.35(3234.56)1533.01(7503.70)2813.51(13077.00)F(2,365)=.62 Health Insurance50%(18)50%(34)29%(78)χ²(4,368)= 14.57** Relationship Marital Status (Married) 33%(12)22%(15)48%(128)χ²(10,368)= 44.08*** Living with Abuser (Yes) 17%(6)16%(11)14%(37)χ²(6,368)= 2.30 Financially Dependent 31%(11)24%(16)38%(100)χ²(10,368)= 5.97 *p <.05, **p <.01, ***p<.001

8. Results: Does Race/Ethnicity Matter? White %(n) or M (SD) Black %(n) or M (SD) Hispanic %(n) or M (SD) Test Statistic χ²(df, N) Abuse Physical72%(26)81(54)72%(26)χ²(4,368)= 2.76 Sexual22%(8)13%(9)16%(43)χ²(4,368)= 1.92 Verbal75%(27)64%(43)87%(232)χ²(4,368)= 24.92*** Psychological58%(21)37%(25)68%(180)χ²(4,368)= 22.03*** Stalking31%(11)30%(20)29%(78)χ²(4,368)= 1.27 Weapon31%(11)28%(19)15%(39)χ²(4,368)= 20.07** *p <.05, **p <.01, ***p<.001

9. Results: Does Birthplace Matter? US %(n) or M (SD) Cuba %(n) or M (SD) Colombia %(n) or M (SD) Nicaragua %(n) or M (SD) Test Statistic χ²(df,n) F(df,df) Individual Age31.32(9.15)40.09(11.59)37.26(9.81)38.45(15.91)F(3,234)= 10.65*** Income2,922 (11,631)4,742 (22,203)453 (667)1,856(6,137)F(3,234)=.673 Health Insurance56%(67)36%(19)24%(8)26%(8)χ²(6,238)= 21.24** Relationship Marital Status24%(29)26%(29)74%(25)55%(17)χ²(15,238)= 57.29*** Living with Abuser13%(15)19%(10)18%(6)16%(5)χ²(9,238)= 16.03 Financially Dep.26%(31)30%(16)47%(16)26%(8)χ²(9,238)= 17.57* *p <.05, **p <.01, ***p<.001

10. Results: Does Race/Ethnicity Matter? US %(n) or M (SD) Cuba %(n) or M (SD) Colombia %(n) or M (SD) Nicaragua %(n) or M (SD) Test Statistic χ²(df,n) Abuse Physical78%(94)72%(38)68%(23)74%(23)χ²(6,238)= 5.54 Sexual16%(19)9%(5015%(5)23%(7)χ²(6,238)= 4.47 Verbal 75%(90)79%(42)88%(30)87%(27) χ²(6,238)= 8.55 Psychological48%(57)55%(29)71%(24)65%(20)χ²(6,238)=.160 Stalking37%(44)21%(11)29%(10)23%(70χ²(6,238)= 7.82 Weapon29%(35)19%(10)013%(4)χ²(9,238)= 32.73*** *p <.05, **p <.01, ***p<.001

11. Summary of Findings Overall, Black and Hispanic clients reported more vulnerable individual, relationship and abuse characteristics White victims were more likely to report having a weapon used Although more individual and relationship differences were found by birthplace, less variation existed in reported abuse U.S. born Hispanics were younger and more likely to report health insurance and that a weapon was used during the abuse Colombian-born victims were more likely to be married and financially dependent on the perpetrator

12. Limitations Secondary data analysis Quality of intake form completion Limited measures Cross-sectional Complexities of race/ethnicity and vulnerability Different groups sizes Unable to include other groups (e.g., Haitians, Mexicans) Generalizability Only can tell us about IPV victims accessing services

13. Implications Research Longitudinal studies Measures/assessments for victimization Culturally tailored interventions Practice Group and individual patterns relating to vulnerability Policy Increase access to IPV social and health services (e.g., victim compensation, health insurance) Role that gun policies play on weapon use norms in abusive intimate relationships

14. Thank You rosagonzalez@miami.edu