1. Chapter 3 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 1: Mendel’s Work

2. Section 1- Objectives:  To describe Mendel’s genetics experiments  To identify the factors that control the inheritance of traits in organisms  To explain how geneticists use symbols to represent alleles.

3. Vocab  1. trait A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

4.  2. heredity The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

5.  3. genetics The scientific study of heredity.

6.  4. purebred An organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent.

7.  5. gene A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.

8.  6. alleles The different forms of a gene.

9.  7. dominant allele An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

10.  8. recessive allele An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present.

11.  9. hybrid An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; an organism that is heterozygous for a particular trait.

12. Notes  1. _______________________ is called the “father of genetics” called the “father of genetics” Gregor Mendel

13.  2. Mendel used peas because: –A. _________________________ –B. _________________________ They have many traits that exist in only 2 forms Garden peas produce large numbers of offspring in one generation so it is easy to collect large amounts of data to analyze

14.  3. Traits are controlled by _________________ of _____________ inheritance genes

15.  4. Organisms inherit ______ allele from _________ parent. one each

16.  5. Some alleles are ____________________and others are __________________________. __________________________. dominant recessive

17. Chapter 3 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 2: Probability & Genetics

18. Section 2 -Objectives:  To describe the principles of probability and how Mendel applied them to inheritance  To state how geneticists use Punnett squares  To explain the meaning of the terms phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, and codominance.

19. Vocab  10. probability The likelihood that a particular event will occur.

20.  11. Punnett square A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross.

21.  12. phenotype An organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits.

22.  13. genotype An organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

23.  14. homozygous Having two identical alleles for a trait.

24.  15. heterozygous Having two different alleles for a trait.

25.  16. codominance A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

26. Notes  1. Probability is the ___________________ that a ____________________ will occur. likelihood particular event

27.  2. _____________________ was the first scientist to recognize that the ________________________ of ________________________ can be used to predict the result of genetic crosses. ________________________ can be used to predict the result of genetic crosses. Mendel principles probability

28.  3. Geneticists use Punnett squares to: –A. –B. Show all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross Determine the probability of a particular outcome

29.  4. _________________________ is the physical appearance, while ________________________ is the _______________________ make-up. Phenotype genotype Genetic makeup

30.  5. Punnett Square practice:  B-Blue  b-red  Genotype:  Phenotype: B b B b BB Bb bb 1 BB: 2Bb: 1bb 3 Blue, 1 red

31.  5. Punnett Square practice:  G- Green  g-Yellow  Genotype:  Phenotype: G g g g Gg gg Gggg –2 Gg: 2gg –2 Green: 2 Yellow

32. Your turn. Practice sheet.  Independent and Silent  Refer to your notes.  Go over as a group.

33. Chapter 3 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 3: The Cell and Inheritance

34.  To describe the role of chromosomes in inheritance  To identify and describe the events that occur during meiosis

35.  17. meiosis The process that occurs in sex cells (sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.

36. Notes  1. Sex cells have exactly ____________ the number of chromosomes as ____________ cells. half other

37.  2. The chromosome theory of inheritance states:  http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0- 13-036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13- 036738-9/video/vtchromo.mov http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0- 13-036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13- 036738-9/video/vtchromo.mov http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0- 13-036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13- 036738-9/video/vtchromo.mov Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes

38.  3. During meiosis, the chromosome:  http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13- 036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-036738- 9/video/vtmeiosi.mov http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13- 036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-036738- 9/video/vtmeiosi.mov http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13- 036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-036738- 9/video/vtmeiosi.mov  See pg. In text The chromosome pairs separate and are distributed to two different cells. The resulting sex cells have only have half as many chromosomes as the other cells in the organism.

39.  4. ____________________ are located on chromosomes. Genes

40.  5. Our bodies have ________ pairs of chromosomes that contain over __________ genes. 23 60,000

41. Chapter 3 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 4: The DNA Connection

42. Section 4: The DNA Connection - Objectives:  To explain the term “genetic code”:  To describe the process by which a cell produces proteins  To describe different types of mutations and how they affect an organism.

43.  17. messenger RNA RNA that copies the coded message from DNA in the nucleus and carries the message into the cytoplasm.

44.  18. transfer RNA RNA in the cytoplasm that carries an amino acid to the ribosome and adds it to the growing protein chain.

45. Notes  1. The main function of genes is to: Control the production of proteins in the organism’s cells. Proteins help to determine the size, shape, and many other traits in an organism.

46.  2. The _________ of _______________ bases along a _____________ forms a genetic code that specifies what type of ___________ will be produced.  http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13- 036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-036738- 9/video/vtgeneti.mov http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13- 036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-036738- 9/video/vtgeneti.mov http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13- 036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-036738- 9/video/vtgeneti.mov  http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13- 036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-036738- 9/video/vtprotei.mov http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13- 036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-036738- 9/video/vtprotei.mov http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13- 036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-036738- 9/video/vtprotei.mov order nitrogen gene protein

47.  3. A _____________ is a change in a ___________ or ____________________.  DNA mutations: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ajRf8yMBe0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ajRf8yMBe0 mutation gene chromosome

48.  4. Mutations can be:  A. ____________ and an example would be ______________.  B. ____________ and an example would be ______________.  C. ______________________ and an example would be ______________. Harmful Helpful Neither harmful or helpful cancer Antibiotic resistance in bacteria A white buffalo color on a farm (versus a white buffalo color in the wild)