1. CSCI 161 Class 1
Martin van Bommel

2. History of Computers Modern computer results from
Mechanization of arithmetic
Concept of stored programs

3. Mechanization Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) 1642 - Pascal’s Adder
gears and wheels
could only add, calculate taxes for his father
Gottfried von Liebniz ( ) - calculus
1670’s - Liebniz calculator
add, subtract, multiply, divide
more reliable and accurate

4. Stored Program Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834)
Jacquard’s Loom
metal punch cards to position threads for the weaving process
Herman Hollerith ( )
1890 US census
store and process census data on punched cards

5. Charles Babbage (1792-1871) 1822-33 - Difference Engine
compute polynomials for math tables
Analytic Engine
designed but never completed, ahead of its time
Mill - arithmetic computations
Store - store data and results
Operation cards - program instructions
Variable cards - select memory location for ops
Output - printer or punch cards

6. Analytic Engine

7. Ada Agusta Daughter of Lord Byron Wrote about analytical engine
Designed several programs for it
Known as the first programmer
1970’s Dept. of Defence named its programming language Ada

8. First Computers 1939-42 - ABC - used binary
John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry (Iowa State) (link)
small scale vacuum tubes
Mark I - programmable
electromechanical computer
Howard Aiken (Harvard U.)
first real analytical engine
based on relays & a motor
Grace Hopper - debugging Mark II

9. ENIAC - 1946 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
Known as first fully electronic computer (link)
John Mauchly & J.P. Eckert, U. of Pennsylvania
18,000 vacuum tubes
1,500 relays
20 x 40 foot room
low reliability, lots of power, air conditioning

10. von Neumann Architecture
Mauchly, Eckert & von Neumann created EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (binary, stored program)
John von Neumann (Princeton)
wrote about stored program concept
both programs and data stored in same memory
basis of almost all modern computers
modern computers said to use von Neumann architecture

11. Computer Generations 1st Generation - before 1960
vacuum tubes and relays ENIAC
2nd Generation
transistors IBM 7090
3rd Generation
integrated circuits or chips IBM 360
4th Generation - after 1980
microprocessors - large-scale integration
(link)

12. Fifth-Generation? Japanese Government had plans in 1980s
Build intelligent systems capable of intelligent thought and language recognition
Project ended in failure in 1992 – money gone
What will fifth generation have?
Intelligence? Human behavior?
Parallel processing? Multiple cores?
Quantum computing? Nanotechnology?