1. Chapters 11-12

2. * True-breeding * Hybridization * P generation * F 1 generation * F 2 generation * Alleles * Dominant * Recessive * Homozygous * Heterozygous (hybrid)

3. * Law of segregation * Law of independent assortment

4. * http://www.bozemanscience.com/probability- in-genetics http://www.bozemanscience.com/probability- in-genetics

5. * Complete dominance * Incomplete dominance * Codominance

6. * Maybe dominant at organismal level, but codominant at molecular level * Ex. Tay Sachs

7. * Blood types

8. * Genes may have multiple phenotypic effects * Ex. Sickle cells, cystic fibrosis

9. * A gene at one locus affects a gene at another locus * Ex. Labrador retrievers p 217

10. * Many genes involved * Ex. Human skin color and height

13. * Multifactorial-may include genetic and environmental factors * Ex. Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, alcholism, mental illnesses

15. * To wed a cousin or not to wed, that is the question…

16. * Albinism * Cystic fibrosis 1/2500 of European descent (4% are carriers) * Sickle Cell Anemia (1/400) (2 alleles  full blown, but organismal level-incompletely dominant; heterozygotes have sickle trait-but may have trouble when oxygen low; molecular  codominant)

17. * Huntington’s Choreahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt2 WbFC9ybshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt2 WbFC9ybs * Achondroplasia

18. * Sutton, Boveri, et.al * Mendelian genes have specific loci along chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment

19. * Fly guy-Drosophila melanogaster * Great experimental organism * Small, large # of offspring, short life span, 8 chromosomes, easily observed traits Phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations~wild type; alternatives~mutant phenotypes Invented notation – use letter of first mutant discovered and wild is indicated with + So, red eyes are dominant and the wild type: w+ White eyes were first mutant: w

21. * SRY-sex determining region of the Y * Y-linked * X-linked

23. * Males can’t be carriers * Males get it from Mom * Males have it more often * Color blindness * Hemophilia-Royal disease (Queen Victoria) * Duchenne muscular dystrophy

24. * One of the X chromosomes is inactivated in embryonic development * Barr Body (Mary Lyon found it is random)-leads to a mosaic * Tortoiseshell cat

26. * Attach methyl groups to DNA * On one X, XIST (X-inactive specific transcript) becomes active  makes RNA product that attaches to one and  Barr body

27. * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- _UcDhzjOio http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- _UcDhzjOio

28. * Abnormal chromosome number * Nondisjunction in anaphase I or II * Monosomy * Trisomy * Polyploid * Down syndrome * Klinefelter * Turner

29. * Deletion * Duplication * Inversion * Translocation

30. * Cri du chat deletion of part of #5 * CML- chronic myelogenous leukemia reciprocal translocation between #9 and #22-shortened 22  Philadelphia chromosome

31. * Angelmans syndrome http://www.angelman.org/understanding- as/diagnosis/ http://www.angelman.org/understanding- as/diagnosis/ * Prader-Willi’s syndromehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- 6nzi5Rc4wYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- 6nzi5Rc4wY