1. C H A P T E R Discrimination in the Labor Market 9

2. © 2003 South-Western 2 Median Earnings Ratios for Year-Round Full-Time Workers by Race and Gender, 1940–2000 Figure 9.1 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons, P–60, nos. 69, 80, 105, 132, 156, 174, 193, 197, and 200. And, beginning in 2000, PINC-05 1940 data actually corresponds to 1939.

3. © 2003 South-Western 3 Wage Differentials Caused by Employer Prejudice Figure 9.2

4. © 2003 South-Western 4 Wage Discrimination by a Monopsonist Figure 9.3

5. © 2003 South-Western 5 Hypothetical Frequency Distribution of Worker Productivity among Blacks and Whites Figure 9.4

6. © 2003 South-Western 6 Amounts of On-the-Job Training Received by Race and Gender Table 9.1 SOURCE: Based on information contained in Jonathan R. Veum, “Training among Young Adults: Who, What Kind, and For How Long?” Monthly Labor Review (August 1993): 27–32.

7. © 2003 South-Western 7 Distribution of Race/Gender Groups across Occupations with Varying Promotion Opportunities, 2001 Table 9.2 SOURCE: Occupation classification is made by Waddoups and Assane, “Mobility and Gender in a Segmented Labor Market: A Closer Look,” appendix; distribution of workers across occupations from Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings (January 2002), Table 11.

8. © 2003 South-Western 8 Percentage of Executives, Managers, and Administrators Represented by Race and Gender Groups, by Industry, 2001 Table 9.3 SOURCE: Cross-tabulations from the March 2001 Current Population Survey obtained through Ferret extraction tools from the U.S. Census Bureau,.

9. © 2003 South-Western 9 Mean Values of Worker Characteristics and Percentage of Wage Gap Explained Table 9.4 SOURCE: Based on Garey Durden and Patricia Gaynor, “More on The Cost of Being Other Than White and Male: Measurement of Race, Ethnic, and Gender Effects on Yearly Earnings,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 57 (January 1998), Table 1 and unpublished tables.

10. © 2003 South-Western 10 The Residual Approach to Measuring Wage Discrimination Figure 9.5

11. © 2003 South-Western 11 Dimensions of Black Economic Progress, 1960–2000 Table 9.5 SOURCES: Earnings: Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families and Persons in the United States, P-60 series,. Education: National Center for Educational Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Digest of Educational Statistics; education statistics calculated from the 2001 March Supplement of the Current Population Survey. Occupational representation: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, various issues. Employment/Population ratios: E. Jacobs, ed., Handbook of Labor Statistics (Lanham, Md.: Bernan Press, 1998) and Ferret extraction tool from. Householder information:. Family income statistics: http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/f05.html. Poverty: Bureau of the Census, Poverty in the U.S. 2000 Current Population Reports Consumer Income Series, P-60, no. 214.

12. © 2003 South-Western 12 Relationship Between Monthly Salary and Job Worth Points for Men and Women, Washington State, 1974 Figure 9.6 SOURCE: Donald J. Treiman and Heidi I. Hartmann, eds., Women, Work, and Wages (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1981): 61. Used with permission.

13. © 2003 South-Western 13 Number of Hours Required to Receive Full-Time Wage Premium by Race and Gender Groups Table 9.6 SOURCE: Based on information contained in Susan L. Averett and Julie L. Hotchkiss, “Discrimination in the Payment of Full-Time Wage Premiums,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49 (January 1996): 287–301, Tables 3a–3d.

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