1. EVOLUTION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Session I 09:30 - 10:15 Dr Deepak B Phatak, IIT Bombay

2. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT2 SESSION OVERVIEW u Definition of IT –Technology That Permits Us To Capture, Validate, Store, Retrieve, Analyse, Present, Disseminate, And Archieve Information u Growth Of Modern IT

3. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT3 FIVE DECADES OF COMPUTER EVOLUTION u The Dark Ages u The Early Electronic Era u The Middle Ages u Proliferation of the IT Culture u The Current Scenario u What does the Future hold

4. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT4 PRE-HISTORIC COMPUTERS u Mechanical Computers u Electro-Mechanical Machines u The Early Electronic Era

5. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT5 MECHANICAL COMPUTERS u Wilhelm Schickhard 1623 u Blaise Pascal 1642 u Gottfried Liebniz 1671 u Charles Babbage –Difference Engine 1823 –Analytical Engine 1834

6. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT6 Mechanical/Electro-mechanical u Arithmometre, Charles Thoma 1820 u Comptometer, D.E. Felt 1885 u Puched-Card Tabulating Machine –Hervnan Hollerith (Census Data) 1890 –Comparing Tabulating Recording Company 1911 –Renamed IBM 1924.

7. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT7 Mechanical/Electro-mechanical u Mechanical Computer Z1 –by Konrad Zuse 1938 u Design of General Purpose Computer –Howard Aiken 1937 u Harvard Mark I 1939 - 1944

8. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT8 ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS u Information Transmission at Speed of Light (3,00,000 km/s) u Triode Vacuum Tube – Lee De Forest 1906 u Attempts by Atanasoft in Late 1930’s

9. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT9 ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS u ENIAC built –John W. Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert u 30 tons, over 18,000 Vacuum Tubes u Calculation of Ballistics tables u 3 ms for one addition

10. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT10 STORED PROGRAM ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS u John Von Neumann (1903 - 1957) –Consultant to ENIAC Project –Proposed EDVAC 1945 u EDVAC completed in 1951

11. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT11 STORED PROGRAM ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS u Manchester MARK I – Williams & Kilburn 1946 u First stored Program –21 June 1948 (GC tootill’s diary) –3.5 million operations to calculate highest factor of an integer. –1,30,000 numbers tested, 52 Min.

12. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT12 1945 - 1955 u Software in Machine Language u Assembly Languages Evolve u Work Begins on Higher Level Languages.

13. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT13 1956 - 1965 u FORTRAN Invented in 1956 u COBOL Defined & Released in 1960 u Algol Developed in Europe u 3GL Programming Becomes The Backbone of Application Software u Operating Systems Begin Maturing

14. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT14 1956 - 1965 (Contd.) u Hardware “Generations” evolve u Transistors Deployed in Second Generation Machines u Early Integrated Circuits Mark Third Generation beginning.

15. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT15 1966 - 1975 u VLSI, 4th Generation Hardware u Birth of the Microprocessor – Intel 1972 u Main-Frame Centric Computing Becomes Main Stay u Direct Access Storage Devices.

16. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT16 1966 - 1975 (Contd.) u Software Crisis Recognized u S/W Maintenance Receives Attention u CODASYL Defines First Data Base Management System

17. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT17 1966 - 1975 u Codd’s work on RDBMS released –IBM System R u Early work on UNIX and C

18. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT18 1976 - 1985 u RDBMS gains Acceptance u UNIX Replaces proprietary O.S. u Software Engineering Methodologies –Mature and get adopted –Emergence of Standards

19. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT19 1976 - 1985 (Contd.) u Electronics Goes Sub Micron u Processor Does One Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS) u Winchester Technology for Disks u Semiconductor Memory Used

20. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT20 1986 - 1995 u Microsoft emerges as the main PC Software Company u Client - Server Computing matures u Object Technologies Gain acceptance u RDBMS products standardization, SQL, SQL-2, Draft SQL3

21. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT21 1986 - 1995 (Contd.) u DSS, Data Warehousing Defined u On Line Analytical Processing –Notions of Data Mining Emerge u Rapid Growth of Internet u World Wide Web (WWW) u Intranets for Corporate Computing

22. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT22 1986 - 1995 (Contd.) u Transaction Processing better understood. u Evoluation of SMP and MPP architectures u Digital announces one BIPS processor

23. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT23 1986 - 1995 (Contd.) u Serious work begins on Embedded Systems u LAN’s and WAN’s Gain Momentum u Network Computer Emerges

24. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT24 CURRENT SCENARIO u Broad spectrum of Resources u Very Large (24 x 7) OLTP Servers u Distributed Computing is the Norm u Embedded Systems are Evolving –Smart Cards –Intelligent Appliances

25. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT25 CURRENT SCENARIO u Massive Data Warehouses u Packaged Software Gains Currency –Make V/s Buy Decision u Media Independent Data Formats u Flexible Delivery Mechanisms

26. Dr. Phatak, IIT BombayEvolution Of IT26 THE EMERGING FUTURE u Internet Outlets in all Buildings u Information Bonanza –Anywhere, Anytime, Any form u Intelligent Appliances Everywhere u Software Crisis will Deepen u Change Management ??