1. Chapter 5,9 &10: Review…How do we get Bio Diversity Biodiversity Influenced by Climate which determines biomes, Diverse Habitat and Natural selection ….species interactions….

2. Island biogeography…. Founder effec

3. Island Biogeography Founder Effect Smaller islands have less diversity to begin with so over time will have less of an opportunity to adapt to change. If the founder effect contains unusual representation of characteristics than the mainland the adaptions represented down the road can be quite different. Islands have fewer species than continents –The smaller the island the fewer the species –The farther away from a continent the fewer the species –Theory of island biogeography

4. Island Biogeography further.. Small islands tend to have fewer habitat types A small population easily wiped out by a storm, flood, catastrophe or disturbance. –The smaller the pop the greater the risk of extinction The farther an island is from the mainland the harder it is to reach.

5. North Woods Ecosystem Population Fluctuations

6. With no limits, any populatioin will increase geometrically or exponentiallyl

7. ( Logistic growth curve or sigmoid growth curve In reality, all populations have limits to growth. There is a carrying capacity- the largest amount of organisms habitat can suport at a healthy level.

8. Species Classification R-species – Opportunists, many small offspring, reproduce & disperse rapidly, lg populations enable them to overcome distubances, boom or bust population cycles ( bacteria, mice, insects) K-species- larger, reproduce late in life, large, mature slowly (cared for by parents), need large habitat, typically show logistic growth curve. (humans, elephants, rhino)

9. exponential r-species K-species -------------------------------------------------- Carrying Capacity- Carrying capacity changes…

10. Who Lives Where and Why? Evolutionary response… Resource Partitioning - Whenever there is competition for the same resources, someone loses out!

12. exponential r-species K-species -------------------------------------------------- Carrying Capacity

14. Interaction between Species Competition- Competitive Exclusion –The outcome is negative for both groups Symbiosis –Benefits both participants Predation and parasitism –The outcome benefits one and is detrimental to the other. Summary video

15. Symbiosis Describes a relationship between two organisms –beneficial to both –enhances each organism’s chance of persisting Each partner called a symbiont E.g. reindeer and bacteria in the gut –The result is food for reindeer, home for bacteria Recall- endosymbiont theory

16. Predation and Parasitism Relationship is beneficial for predator or parasite and negative for prey or host. Predation- One organism (predator) feeds on other live organisms (prey). Parasitism- One organism (the parasite) lives on, in, or within another (the host).

17. Amazing Adaptations Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Amazonian Rain Forest Brazil The First Agriculture 60mya –Symbiosis

19. Design an experiment Prove a relationship (or no relationship) between the caterpillar and the acorns. State a hypothesis- remember it should be an answer your question. Change in moths---change in acorn production Measurable data must be collected over time At least two sites for comparison Manipulate the moths or acorns (must have a count)

20. Observational Experiment Not manipulating the variable Observation over time be clear about numbers Not manipulating but must have accurate counts of acorns and the moths. Specification of measurements essential

22. The Food Web of the Harp Seal Food webs are complex because most species feed on several trophic levels. Harp seal (shown at 5 th level) –Feeds on flatfish (4 th level) –But also feed on foods from 2 nd – 4 th –A species that feeds on several levels placed in a category one above the highest level it feeds on.

24. Sea Otter BBC

25. Community Level Interactions Sea Otter Manages Kelp Forest Sea Otter Manages Kelp Forest Indirect and more complicated community wide affects species have on one another. Sea otter of the Pacific Ocean –Came close to extinction because of over hunting for fur –Feed on shellfish (abalone, sea urchins) –Where sea otters abundant kelp beds abundant and few sea urchins –Otters affects the abundance of kelp

26. Sea otters have community level effect –Where more kelp is present more habitat for many species Keystone species –A species that has a large effect on its community or ecosystem Holistic view –Ecological community is more than the sum of its parts Community Level Interactions

29. Amazing Adaptations Desert Fish and Frogs

30. INVASIVES Japanese Knotweed Invasive World Wide Ants as Invasives Extinct Species in Guam due to Brown Tree SnakeExtinct Species in Guam due to Brown Tree Snake Gobi & Zebra Muscle Stop Invasives

31. Mass Extinction Mass Extinction How do Humans accelerate Species Extinction HIPPCO Habitat destruction, degredation, and fragmentation Invasive species Population and resource use growth Pollution Climate Change Overexploitation

32. Extincitions Polar Bear and Global Warming Amazing Diversity of Organisms & Sea DragonsSea Dragons

33. Which Influences Ecosystem More; top trophic level or bottom ? Resource availability serves as a so-called "bottom-up" control on an ecosystem: the supply of energy and nutrients influences ecosystem activities at higher trophic levels by affecting the amount of energy that moves up the food chain. In some cases, ecosystems may be more strongly influenced by so-called "top-down

35. The Food Web of the Harp Seal Food webs are complex because most species feed on several trophic levels. Harp seal (shown at 5 th level) –Feeds on flatfish (4 th level) –But also feed on foods from 2 nd – 4 th –A species that feeds on several levels placed in a category one above the highest level it feeds on.

37. Community Level Interactions Sea Otter Manages Kelp Forest Sea Otter Manages Kelp Forest Indirect and more complicated community wide affects species have on one another. Sea otter of the Pacific Ocean –Came close to extinction because of over hunting for fur –Feed on shellfish (abalone, sea urchins) –Where sea otters abundant kelp beds abundant and few sea urchins –Otters affects the abundance of kelp

38. Sea otters have community level effect –Where more kelp is present more habitat for many species Keystone species –A species that has a large effect on its community or ecosystem Holistic view –Ecological community is more than the sum of its parts Community Level Interactions

41. Lead into Chapter 12 Food

42. Amazing Adaptations Desert Fish and Frogs