1. Modern India 1947 to the Present

2. Indian Languages

3. Indian History Indus River Valley –Fertile river valley –1 st Indian Civilization –Peninsula surrounded by water –Himalayas in the North –Monsoons: seasonal winds: droughts/ flooding –Isolation –Ganges River: Sacred River to Hinduism

4. Indus Valley Cities Harrappa and Mohenjo-Daro –Laid out in a grid –Mostly farmers –Aryan invaders 1750 BC –Vedic Age 1500 BC to 500 BC –Vedas Sacred Writings/ Aryans –Blending of Dravidians and Aryans

5. Ancient Indian Empires MauryanGupta 1st united Indian Empire Well organized gov’t Rule was harsh Chandragupta 1 st leader Grandson Asoka turned to Buddhism Tried to spread Buddhism Peaceful rule Contributions Zero and decimal system Arabic numerals Medicine small pox vaccinations Architecture: stupas

6. Ancient Indian Religions HinduismBuddhism Brahman: universal spirit Reincarnation: rebirth of the soul into a new body Karma: deeds/actions of a person Dharma: responsibilities of a person Ahisma: non violence Religious Indian Literature Provide moral guidelines for living & behavior Upanishads The Ramayan Bhagavad Gita The Vedas Founder Siddharta Gautama Buddha the Enlightened one Ultimate goal is nirvana The Four Noble Truths All life is suffering Suffering is caused by desire Eliminate suffering by eliminating desires Follow the eightfold path to overcome desires.

7. Comparisons between Buddhism and Hinduism Share belief in karma, dharma, and reincarnation Buddhism rejects the caste system Rejects many of the Hindu gods and priesthood

8. The Caste System Hindu beliefs of karma and dharma support the caste system Difficult to change Social groups/ born into/can’t change during lifetime Determines marriage, friends, food, occupation, where you live

9. The Caste System Orders Indian Society Limits social and economic progress Discrimination against untouchables Members need to know responsibilities (dharma)

10. British Imperialism Sepoy Rebellion Indian National Congress Gandhi Differences in language and religion prevented unity Positive EffectsNegative Effects Railroads Telegraph and postal systems Irrigation systems New laws Education Healthcare New technology Parliamentary form of gov’t Indian resources go to Britain Cash crops British made goods replace local goods Top jobs go to British Indians are treated as inferiors Britain tries to replace Indian culture with western ways Social Darwinism and the White Man’s Burden

11. Gandhi Hindu leader of the Indian National Congress Encouraged use of passive resistance, civil disobedience, boycotts & non violence against the British Salt March to defy British tax on salt Against mistreatment of untouchables and women Favored Indian production of homespun textiles…Spinning

12. Gandhi Impact Leadership led to Indian Independence Beginning of changes in treatment of untouchables and women Others began to follow the nonviolence approach

13. Partition and bloodshed 1946 violence Muslims vs. Hindus Muslims wanted own nation British partition India in 1947 India Mostly Hindu East and West Pakistan mostly Muslim

14. Indian Languages

15. Summer 1947: Rivers of Blood 10 million people on the move Hindus leave Pakistan Muslims leave India Sikhs to East Punjab part of India 1 million die including Gandhi

16. The Battle for Kashmir Northern part of India next to Pakistan Hindu ruler Majority of people Muslim Threats of nuclear war UN gives a 1/3 to Pakistan 2/3rds to India Both countries continue to fight over Kashmir today

17. World’s largest Democracy Jawaharial Nehru 1 st Prime Minister, 1947 Emphasized democracy, unity and economic modernization Government based on British Model Non aligned nation took aid from US and USSR Socialist economy

18. Green Revolution Use of modern fertilizers Use of modern technology Use of modern seeds To increase Food Production Very Successful

19. Political Violence Indian religion blending Islam and Hinduism Want own country…Punjab Took Over the Golden Temple in Amritsar Indira Gandhi sends in troops 500 Sikhs killed Sikhs kill Indira Gandhi Political violence widespread

20. 21 st Century Challenges Unstable nation Unchecked population growth Religious instability: violence among Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims Social Inequality India vs Pakistan both have Nuclear Weapons New Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee

21. India Facts India is one of the ten nuclear state in the world Has a labor force of over 509 million, 60% of which is employed in agriculture and related industries India is the second most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. It is the world’s 4th largest economy in terms of purchasing power.

22. Environment - current issues deforestation soil erosion overgrazing desertification vehicle emissions water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides tap water is not potable throughout the country huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources

24. Modern India

25. Pakistan Copes With Freedom 1947 Separated and divided states of East and West Pakistan East Pakistan Larger population West Pakistan seat of government ignored the East 1971 Civil War East Pakistan: Bangladesh Million people die Major cultural and economic differences caused East Pakistan to become Bangladesh

27. Bangledesh Formed East Pakistan Very Poor nation per capital income is $360 per year. Crippling natural disasters Low lying country subject to cyclones and tidal waves Massive storms regularly destroy crops, land and kill people Cyclone in 1991 killed 139,000 people

28. Sri Lanka Off the southeast coast of India ¾ of the people are Sinhalese, who are Buddhists. 1/5 are Tamils who are Hindus. Tamils want their independence from the Sinhalese