1. The Elements of Drama 7th Grade Language Arts

2. Essential Question How does drama provide the reader a different experience than prose (short stories, novels) or poetry? How is drama different from television?

3. A HISTORY OF DRAMA Drama began in ancient Greece dating back to 543 B.C. It started as choral performances of dancing and singing honoring the Greek god, Dionysus, the god of wine.

4. The Greeks held their dramas in outdoor theaters called amphitheaters, the largest seating 14,000 people. Theater at Delphi

5. Drama Comes from the Greek Word, “ Dran ” Means “ To do ” or “ To Act ” The Doing/Acting Makes Drama

6. Drama … … is a story told in front of an audience

7. Elements of Drama Playwright-the author of a play Actors-the people who perform Acts-the units of action Scenes-parts of the acts

8. Dramatic Speech Dialogue- conversation between or among characters Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

9. Conflict The internal or external struggle between opposing forces, ideas, or interests that create dramatic tension.

10. Stage Directions Found in brackets [ ] Describe scenery and how characters speak C, Center Stage L, Stage Left R, Stage Right U, Upstage or Rear D, Downstage or Front

11. Theatre Where a play takes place

12. Set Construction on the stage that shows time/place Could be called Scenery

13. Props Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

14. Characterization Is the playwright’s technique for creating believable characters. Indirect Direct

15. Types of Drama Drama is used to describe plays that address a serious subject.

16. Types of Drama Comedy is a form of drama that has a happy ending. Humor comes from the dialogue and situations.

17. Types of Drama Tragedy is a form of drama in which events lead to the downfall of the main character, often a person of great significance, like a king or hero.

18. Foreshadowing Try breaking the word FORESHADOWING apart. FORE means ahead. A SHADOW is a glimpse of something without the complete details.

19. Foreshadowing a way of indicating or hinting at what will come later

20. Foreshadowing can be subtle like storm clouds on the horizon suggesting that danger is coming more direct such as Romeo and Juliet talking about wanting to die rather than live without each other

21. Foreshadowing adds dramatic tension create suspense convey information to help the reader understand what comes later Why is it important?

22. How do I create foreshadowing placing clues, both subtle and direct, into the text mentioning an upcoming event explaining the plans of the people or characters portrayed in the text

23. Ask yourself ???? Are there phrases about the future? Is there a change happening in the weather, the setting, or the mood?

24. Ask yourself ???? Are there objects or scenic elements that suggest something happy, sad, dangerous, exciting, etc.? Do characters or the narrator observe something in the background that might be a hint about something to come later?

25. Little Red Riding Hood Once upon a time, there was a little girl who lived with her mother. Her mother asked her to take her old and lonely grandmother some food one day. "Don't stop along the way. Go straight to your Grandma's house and back. Don't talk to any strangers and watch out for the wolf in the woods! Now get along!" Foreshadowing

26. Foreshadowing Tip often appears at the beginning of a story or chapter

27. Figurative Language “Figuring it Out”

28. Figurative and Literal Language Literally: words function exactly as defined The car is blue. He caught the football. Figuratively: figure out what it means I’ve got your back. You’re a doll. ^Figures of Speech

29. Simile Comparison of two things using “like” or “as.” Examples The metal twisted like a ribbon. She is as sweet as candy.

30. Metaphor Two things are compared without using “like” or “as.” Examples All the world is a stage. Men are dogs. Her heart is stone.

31. Personification Giving human traits to objects or ideas. Examples The sunlight danced. Water on the lake shivers. The streets are calling me.

32. Hyperbole Exaggerating to show strong feeling or effect. Examples I will love you forever. My house is a million miles away. She’d kill me.

33. Understatement Expression with less strength than expected. The opposite of hyperbole. I’ll be there in one second. This won’t hurt a bit.

34. Onomatopoeia A word that “makes” a sound SPLAT PING SLAM POP POW

35. Idiom A saying that isn’t meant to be taken literally. Doesn’t “mean” what it says Don’t be a stick in the mud! You’re the apple of my eye. I have an ace up my sleeve.

36. Pun A form of “word play” in which words have a double meaning. I wondered why the baseball was getting bigger and then it hit me. I’m reading a book about anti- gravity. It’s impossible to put it down. I was going to look for my missing watch, but I didn’t have the time.

37. Proverb A figurative saying in which a bit of “wisdom” is given. An apple a day keeps the doctor away The early bird catches the worm

38. Oxymoron When two words are put together that contradict each other. “Opposites” Jumbo Shrimp Pretty Ugly Freezer Burn

39. Definition, Explanation, and Examples Allusions

40. Definition-a reference within a work to something famous outside it, such as a well-known person, place, event, story, or work of art, literature, music, pop culture. Purpose-Lets reader/viewer understand new information, characters, plot, setting, etc. by connecting it to something already known.

41. Allusion “Problems” Not to be confused with “ILLUSIONS” In order to understand allusions, one must have a good grasp on “well-known” works of literature, art, music, pop culture, etc. So, if one is not well-read, it will be difficult to fully grasp why an author/writer/director uses an allusion. This sometimes makes them difficult for high school students to grasp.

42. Allusion “Problems” Allusions are NOT references to someone/something only a small group of people know. So, you wouldn’t say, “Sally’s smile looked like my mom’s smile.” While this is a method of comparison, it is not to something well-known (outside of your community). =

43. Purpose of Allusions Whenever you come across an allusion, stop and ask yourself: What does the writer want me to understand about this character, setting, plot, etc. by connecting it to something with which I am already familiar? What is the author’s purpose in using this allusion? To create the same feeling/mood as the original work? For comedic effect? To show character’s motives or traits?

44. Allusion Examples Sally had a smile rivaled only by that of the Mona Lisa. Since everyone is familiar with the painting, they can imagine Sally’s almost expressionless smile. What does this show about Sally?

45. Shakespeare Allusion (Movie to Play) “ Et tu, Brute” Latin for “And you, Brutus” Said by Julius Caesar in Shakespeare’s play when he is about to die and realizes Brutus has betrayed him. Used when people want to get the message across that someone has betrayed them Another common betrayal allusion is to Judas Iscariot—the Biblical figure who betrayed Jesus with the “kiss of death” (another allusive phrase!) In the scene in Aladdin where Genie is trying to make Aladdin a prince, he opens his recipe book. After the crab bites him, a robed hand comes out of the book, to which Genie says, “Et tu, Brute?” indicating that the recipe book has betrayed him, also, along with the crab. The purpose in this case, of course, is for comedic effect.

46. What is Irony? Irony is about expectations. Irony: the opposite of what is expected. 3 kinds of irony Verbal Dramatic Situational

47. Verbal Irony A character says one thing but means the opposite Also called sarcasm or being sarcastic. Examples The locker room smells really good. Awesome! Another homework packet!

48. Dramatic Irony When the reader understands more about the events of a story than a character. You know something that a character doesn’t. Example Tim’s parents are proud of the “A” he got on the test, but we know he cheated. Alex writes a love poem to Judy but we know that Judy loves Devin.

49. Situational Irony When what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected. Something about the situation is completely unexpected. Example General Sedgwick’s last words were, “They couldn’t hit an elephant at this distance.” Bill Gates uses an Apple computer.

50. Review Something that is ironic is unexpected. If unexpected by a character, it’s dramatic. If unexpected by everyone, it’s situational. If it’s sarcasm, it’s verbal.

51. Oh the irony!!

52. An escalator leading to a fitness center.

53. A wrecked car belonging to an "easy" driving school.

54. We know that the IRS is not a subscription and will not leave Snoopy alone, but he does not.