1. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. PowerPoint Presentations for Psychology The Science of Behavior Seventh Edition Neil R. Carlson, Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth, John W. Donahoe, and G. Neil Martin Prepared by Linda Fayard Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

2. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Chapter 6 Sensation

3. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Sensation 1.Sensory Processing 2.Vision 3.Audition 4.The Chemical Senses 5.The Somatosenses

4. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Sensory Processing  Transduction  Sensory Coding  Psychophysics

5. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Sensory Coding  The codes used by the sensory systems to transmit information to the brain  Two general forms:  Anatomical coding  Temporal coding

6. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Psychophysics  Studies the relationship between physical stimuli and perceptual experience  Just Noticeable Difference (JND) – smallest difference in a stimulus that a person can detect  Signal-detection theory – a mathematical theory of the detection of stimuli

7. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.2: Hypothetical Range of Perceived Brightness (in jnds) as a Function of Intensity

8. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.3: Four Possibilities in Judging the Presence or Absence of a Stimulus

9. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.4: A Receiver-Operating- Characteristic (ROC) Curve

10. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.5: Two ROC Curves

11. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Vision  Light  The Eye and Its Functions  Transduction of Light by Photoreceptors  Adaptation to Light and Dark  Eye Movements  Color Vision

12. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Light Figure 6.6: The Electromagnetic Spectrum

13. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Eye and Its Functions Figure 6.7: A Cross Section of the Human Eye

14. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Eye and Its Functions Figure 6.7: Lenses Used to Correct Nearsightedness and Farsightedness

15. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Adaptation to Light and Dark  When you enter a dark room after being in a brightly lit room or in sunlight, it takes some time to adjust your eyes to the dark.  Dark adaptation – process of being able to distinguish dimly illuminated objects after going from a bright region into a dark one

16. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Transduction of Light by Photoreceptors Figure 6.12: Transduction of Light into Neural Activity

17. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Eye Movements  Conjugate movements – require both eyes to remain fixed on the same target  Saccadic movements – abrupt shifts in gaze from one point to another  Pursuit movements – include tracking a moving object

18. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Color Vision Figure 6.14: Hue, Brightness, and Saturation

19. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 15: Additive Color Mixing  Hue: related to wavelength  Brightness: related to intensity of light  Saturation: related to purity

20. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.16: Additive Color Mixing and Paint Mixing

21. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.17: A Negative Afterimage

22. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Defects in Color Vision  Protanopia: red cones filled with green photopigment  Deuteranopia: green cones filled with red photopigment  Tritanopia: lack of blue cones

23. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Audition  Sound  The Ear and Its Functions  Detection and Localizing Sounds in the Environment

24. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Sound Figure 6.19: Sound Waves

25. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.20: The Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound Waves

26. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Ear and Its Functions Figure 6.21: Anatomy of the Auditory System

27. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.22: Response to Sound Waves

28. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.23: The Transduction of Sound Vibrations in the Auditory System

29. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Detecting and Localizing Sounds in the Environment  Pitch and loudness  Timbre  Perception of environmental sounds  Locating the source of a sound

30. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Detecting and Localizing Sounds in the Environment Two systems: Low frequency – difference in arrival time High frequency – difference in intensity

31. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.26: Localizing the Source of High-Frequency Sounds

32. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Chemical Senses  Gustation  Olfaction

33. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Gustation  Taste Receptors and the Sensory Pathway  The Five Qualities of Taste  Bitterness  Sourness  Sweetness  Saltiness  Umami

34. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Olfaction  Anatomy of the Olfactory System  The Dimensions of Odor

35. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.30: The Olfactory System

36. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Dimension of Odor  Humans can recognize up to 10,000 different odors  Not yet known exactly which molecules stimulate which receptors

37. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Somatosenses  The Skin Senses  Touch and pressure  Temperature  Pain  The Internal Senses  The Vestibular Senses

38. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Skin Senses Figure 6.32: Sensory Receptors

39. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.33: The Method for Determining the Two-Point Discrimination Threshold

40. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Internal Senses  There are sensory receptors located in our internal organs, bones and joints, and muscles that convey painful, neutral, and in some cases pleasurable sensory information

41. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Vestibular Senses  Sense of balance  Vestibular apparatus – contributes to balance and head movement  Semicircular canal – responds to rotational movement of head  Vestibular sac – detects change in the tilt of the head

42. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 6.34: The Three Semicircular Canals and Two Vestibular Sacs in the Inner Ear