1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 1 Chapter 7 Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images any rental, lease or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 2 Chapter 7 Outline Audition Vestibular System Somatosenses Gustation Olfaction

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 3 The Stimulus Sound is produced by objects that ________and set molecules of air into __________. Sound travels approximately 700 miles per hour. Humans are sensitive to vibrations between ____and _________________ times per second. Vibrations of air are perceived as sounds.

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 4 The Stimulus ___________ A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to the _______________________of the stimulus. _____________ Cycles per second. ________________ A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to the ______________ of the stimulus. (__) Timbre A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to the _____________.

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7. 7 Anatomy of the Ear _______________membrane The ___________; vibrates when stimulated by sound waves. _____________ The bones of the _____________. The three ________________ in the body.

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 8 Anatomy of the Ear __________ The first of the three ossicles; attached to the tympanic membrane. __________ Located between the malleus and the stapes. _______________ The third ossicle; attached to the ______________ of the cochlea.

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 9 Anatomy of the ear _______________ The _________, fluid-filled, bony structure of the inner ear; contains the basilar membrane and the auditory receptor hair cells. ____________window An opening in the bone of the cochlea that reveals a membrane against which the baseplate of the stapes presses, transmitting sound vibrations into the fluid within the cochlea. _____________window An opening in the bone of the cochlea that permits vibrations to be transmitter, via the oval window, into the fluid of the cochlea.

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 10 Anatomy of the ear _______________ The sensory organ on the basilar membrane that contains the auditory hair cell; considered the receptive organ of the auditory system. _________________ The sensory receptive cell of the auditory apparatus. Deiter’s cell A supporting cell found in the organ of Corti; sustains the auditory hair cells.

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 11 Anatomy of the ear _______________ membrane A membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear; contains the organ of Corti. ______________ membrane A membrane located above the basilar membrane; serves as the shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move.

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14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 14 Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information ___________ A _________ appendage of a cell involved in movement or transducing sensory information; found on the __________________________________________ __________________________________________. Tip link An elastic filament that attaches the tip of one cilium to the side of the adjacent cilium. Insertional plaque The point of attachment of a tip link to a cilium. Site of origin of ___________________.

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17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 17 The Auditory Pathway Cochlear nerve A branch of the ____________cranial nerve; the branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory information from the cochlea to the brain. _____________________ One of a group of nuclei in the medulla that receive auditory information from the cochlea.

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. Shearing force (left-right bending of the cilia) Opens and closes __________________. Hair cells _________________________as the cilia bend back and forth. ______________ are receptors. Outer hair cells ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 18

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 19 The Central Auditory System ______________________ A group of nuclei in the medulla; involved with auditory functions, including ____________ of the sound source. Lateral lemniscus A band of fibers running rostrally through the medulla and pons; carries fibers of the auditory system. Subthalamic auditory system is very complex. The ______________ processing is largely devoted to sound localization.

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21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 21 The Central Auditory System _______________________ A topographical organized mapping of different frequencies of sound that are represented in a particular region of the brain.

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 22 Perception of Pitch ________________ The system by which information about different frequencies is coded by different locations on the basilar membrane. ____________________ An electrical device surgically implanted in the inner ear that can enable a deaf person to hear. The implants simulate place coding and improve speech perception.

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25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 25 Rate Coding Rate code (________________) The system by which information about different frequencies is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory system.

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 26 Perception of Timbre _____________________ The _____________, and usually most intense, frequency of a complex sound; most often perceived as the sound’s basic __________. Overtone The frequency of complex tones that occurs at ______________ of the fundamental frequency.

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 27 Perception Spatial Location Humans can determine the location of a sound because auditory neurons respond selectively to _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________. _____________ difference The difference in arrival times of sound waves at each of the eardrums.

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30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 30 Elevation specific transfer functions produced by head and pinna geometry.

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 31 Perception of Environmental Sounds Transfer functions reveal the elevation of the signal. ___________ Loss or impairment of musical abilities, produced by hereditary factors or brain damage. Inability to recognize ___________, but the emotional quality of the music may be identified (happy/sad).

32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 32 Blue = dorsal pathway, location. Orange = ventral pathway, pattern recognition.

33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 33 Recognized (sound played forward), unrecognized (sound played backwards).

34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 34 Vestibular System __________________ One of a set of two receptor organs in each inner ear that detects changes in the ____ of the head (orientation). ______________ One of the three ring-like structures of the vestibular apparatus that detect changes in head rotation (angular _______________). Match the three ____________ of the head: sagittal, transverse, & horizontal.

35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 35 Vestibular System Anatomy of the vestibular apparatus Utricle One of the vestibular sacs Saccule One of the vestibular sacs.

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 36 Vestibular System Anatomy of the vestibular apparatus ______________ An enlargement in a semicircular canal; contains the cupula and crista. _______________ A ________________ mass found in the ampulla of the semicircular canals; moves in response to the flow of the fluid in the canals.

37. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 37 Vestibular System The receptor cells Hair cells Similar to the hair cells found in the cochlea; method of transduction is also similar to hair cells of the cochlea. Vestibular ganglion A nodule on the vestibular nerve that contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that convey vestibular information to the brain.

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40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 40 Somatosenses The stimuli The cutaneous senses respond to several different types of stimuli: pressure, vibration, heating, cooling, and events that cause tissue damage (and hence pain). Some receptors report changes in _______________ to the brain; providing our sense of ______________. Additional receptors provide information about the internal organs such as the linings of muscles and the gastrointestinal system.

41. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 41 Somatosenses Cutaneous sense One of the somatosenses; includes sensitivity to stimuli that involve the skin. Kinesthesia Perception of the body’s ___________________. Organic sense A sense modality that arises from receptors located within the inner organs of the body.

42. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 42 Somatosenses Anatomy of the skin and its receptive organs __________________ Skin that does not contain ____; found on the palms and soles of the feet. Ruffini corpuscle Detects _____________ of the skin, located in hairy skin. Pacinian corpuscles A specialized, encapsulated somatosensory nerve ending that detects mechanical stimuli, especially _________________________.

43. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 43 Somatosenses Anatomy of the skin and its receptive organs ____________________ The touch-sensitive end organs located in the papillae, small elevations of the dermis that project up into the epidermis. Detect low frequency vibration or ________________. ___________________ The touch-sensitive end organs found at the base of the epidermis, adjacent to sweat ducts. Detect ___________________ of the skin.

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45. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 45 Somatosenses Perception of cutaneous stimulation ___________________ Sensations that appear to originate in a limb that has been amputated.

46. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 46 Somatosenses Perception of cutaneous stimulation Touch Fast conducting myelinated pathway Small diameter unmyelinated pathway underlies ___________________________________________ ____________________________________ Temperature (free nerve endings) There are at least 6 classes of TRP family receptor sites that detect ____________________________. Some receptors respond to warmth Some receptors respond to coolness (menthal and mint bind with the TRPM8 receptor (transcient receptor potential) in the cutaneous fiber pathway.

47. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 47 Somatosenses The somatosensory pathways Trigeminal nerve (5 th cranial nerve) [Head & Face] Dorsal columnsfine touch Medial lemniscus Ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus Spinothalamic tractpoor localization pain & temperature

48. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. Pain Free nerve ending are the ________________. Three categories of receptors: High threshold mechanoreceptors – respond to intense pressure. Extreme heat and acids (Nerve endings contain TRPV1 receptors. Free nerve fibers responsive to ATP – released from ______________ muscles, blood vessel blockage, and rapidly growing tumors. 48

49. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. Pain Perception Three components: (see Figure 7.19) Sensory – intensity of the pain Mediated by ventral posterior thalamic pathway Emotional consequence – the level of unpleasantness. Mediated by pathways reaching the insular cortex, and cingular cortex. (Reduced by ___________________ Long-term implications of chronic pain Mediated by pathways reaching the prefrontal cortex. Patients with prefrontal damage are _____________ with the implications of chronic pain for healthfullness 49

50. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 50 Increased activity produced by a placebo that reduced pain.

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52. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 52 Gustation The stimuli Gustation is related to eating and is our first chemical sense. This sense modality helps us to determine the nature of things we put in our mouths. The tongue, palate, pharynx, and larynx contain about 10,000 sensory receptor taste buds. There are only _____qualities of taste: __________________________________________ _________________________________________.

53. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 53 Gustation The stimuli The are only five qualities of taste Bitterness Sourness Sweetness Saltiness Umami A Japanese word for “good taste, refers to the taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG). This receptor detects the presence of glutamate, an amino acid found in ___________.

54. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. Most vertebrates detect all 5 taste qualities Cats are unable to detect sweetness, it is usually not a part of their diet. Most omnivores like ripe fruit associated with sweetness.. Saltiness – sodium chloride, necessary to maintain electrolytes. Umami – a protein detector. Sour – associated with acidity associated with bacterial activity. Causes an avoidance reaction. Bitter – associated with poisonous plant alkaloids. 54

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56. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 56 Gustation Taste buds consist of groups of 20-50 receptors cells. The receptor cells have a life span of 10 days. There is a high turn over rate for these receptors. The gustatory pathway Nucleus of the solitary tract A nucleus of the medulla that receives information from visceral organs and from the gustatory system.

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59. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 59 Olfaction The stimulus Olfaction is the second chemical sense. Used to help us avoid _______________. For humans, olfaction is the most enigmatic of the modalities. ___________________. The stimulus for odor (known as odorants) consists of volatile substances having a molecular weight in the range of approximately 15 to 300. Almost all odorous compounds are ______________ and of organic origin.

60. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 60 Olfaction Anatomy of the olfactory apparatus Olfactory epithelium The epithelial tissue of the nasal sinus that covers the _____________plate; contains the _____of the olfactory ____________. Olfactory bulb The protrusion at the end of the olfactory tract; receives information from the olfactory receptors.

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62. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 62 Olfaction Anatomy of the olfactory apparatus Mitral cell A neuron located in the olfactory bulb that receives information from olfactory receptors; axons of mitral cells bring information to the rest of the brain. Olfactory glomerulus A bundle of dendrites of mitral cells and associated terminal buttons of the axons of olfactory receptors.

63. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. Olfaction The sense of __________ is a blend of taste and olfaction, the orbitofrontal cortex receives gustatory and taste projections and this may be where flavor is perceived. Humans are thought to possess _____different olfactory receptors, and the pattern of stimulation gives rise to over ________________ odors. Odors are not easily put into words. 63

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65. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc. 65 Lock & Key Concept