1. Core Concept 5-1 The brain senses the world indirectly because the sense organs convert stimulation into the language of the nervous system: neural messages.

2. Stimulus Any physical energy that can be sensed Examples: sound or light waves.

3. Sensation Sense organs change physical energy into pattern of neural impulses that represent a stimulus

4. Transduction Process of converting physical energy into neural impulses Specialized receptor cells in each of the senses are activated by specific forms of energy Bundles of neurons then carry information from sense organs to the brain

5. Sensory Adaptation Loss of responsiveness in receptor cells after prolonged, unchanged stimulation Sense organs are novelty detectors that notice changes in external world

6. Absolute Threshold Smallest amount of stimulation necessary for detection

12. Subliminal Perception Responding to stimuli below the absolute threshold Advertising Learning while asleep

13. Core Concept 5-2 The senses all operate in much the same way, but each extracts different information and sends it to its own specialized region in the brain.

14. Five Basic Human Senses SenseStimulusOrganReceptor SightLight WavesEyeRetina HearingSound WavesEarHair Cells TouchPressureSkin Nerve Endings in Skin SmellVolatile substances NoseHair Cells TasteSoluble substances TongueTaste Buds

16. Electromagnetic Spectrum

19. Color Blindness

24. Smell

25. Taste Taste buds – Receptors for taste (primarily on the upper side of the tongue)

26. Core Concept 5-3 Perception brings meaning to sensation, so perception produces an interpretation of the world, not a perfect representation of it.

27. Perception and Philosophy Does objective reality exist? Or only our subjective interpretation?

28. Visual Illusion Common incorrect experience of a stimulus pattern The mind does not always “see” the same thing as the eyes.

29. The Herman Grid

32. Do you see or ?

39. Principles of Perception Scientific “laws” that guide perception Explanation for perception –Learning-based inferences –Gestalt Theory--innate brain factors –Likely an interaction of both –Example: depth perception

40. Depth Perception Perception is 3-D Even though image on retina is not Cues from the eyes Cues from the stimulus

57. Active Processing Perception not a passive recording Actively constructed by brain Impossible Figures

60. Perceptual Constancy Ability to recognize the same object under different conditions

63. Context Perception is influenced by the surrounding conditions

64. Perceptual Set Readiness to detect a particular stimulus in a given context

65. Culture Everyday experiences in different cultures create differences in perception. No long roads or railroads in Guam

66. Figure-Ground Figure--part of a pattern that commands attention Ground--part of pattern that does not command attention; the background

69. Camoflauge Designs that break up figure- ground Used to avoid detection

70. Camoflauge

71. Jungle

72. Desert

73. New Multi-Environment

77. Gestalt Principles of Grouping

79. Gestalt Law of Pragnanz Simplest organization, requiring least effort, will emerge.